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Overview of Protist Classification
Rhodophyta
5. Survey of the Plant Kingdom
Stramenopila
4. Major Trends in Plant Evolution
Alv
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at a
Dip
lo
Par mona
ab a
d
s a li s
ds
Eug
len
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3. Generalized life cycles
Amoebas
Forams
Slime molds
Clade?
a ls
Green
algae
Ani
m
Euglenoids
Kinetoplastids
Choanoflagellates
Choanoflagellates
2. Plant Adaptations to Land
Red
Algae
Brown algae
Diatoms
Oomycetes
Fungi
1. Plant Characteristics
Dinoflagellates
Apicomplexans
Ciliates
Chlorophyta
Diplomonads
Parabasalids
Plan
ts
Plants - Diversity and Evolution
Ancestral Eukaryote
Plant Cladistic Analysis
Charophytes – Green Algae Related to Plants
Kingdom Viridiplantae
Green algae have two distinct lineages
-Chlorophytes – Gave rise to aquatic algae
-Streptophytes – Gave rise to land plants
Streptophyta Clades
Coleochaetales (30 species)
-Microscopic
-Plant-like mitosis
-Next closest plant relatives
Charales (300 species)
-Macroscopic
-Plant-like plasmodesmata
-Sister clade to land plants
Chara
Algae
Land Plants
Coleochaete
Plant Adaptations To Land
Plant Kingdom
Characteristics of Plants
1. Pigments:
Cuticle & Stomatal Apparatus
chlorophylls a, b and
carotenoids
2. Cell wall:
cellulose,
hemicellulose
pectic compounds
1. Food reserve: starch
2. Embryos:
Protected
3. Life cycle: Haplodiplontic
Algal zygote
Guard Cells
Stoma (pore)
Angiosperm
Embryo
1
Plant Adaptations To Land
Roots
Cell walls & vascular systems
Anchor
Absorb
Storage
Contractile
Taxodium pneumatophores
Aerial
Adventitious
Xylem
Prop
Phloem
Stems
Leaves
Multicellular, Enclosed Sporangia and Gametangia
Summary Plant Adaptations To Land
1. Cell wall for rigidity & support
2. Cuticle
3. Stomatal apparatus
4. Roots, stems, leaves
5. Vascular system: Xylem Æ water & minerals
Phloem Æ sugars
6. Sporangia & Gametangia
multicellular with protective cell “jackets”
sporangium
archegonium
antheridium
2
Haplontic or Zygotic Life Cycle
Generalized Life Cycles
• Haplontic
• Diplontic
• Haplodiplontic
... meiosis is Zygotic
… meiosis is Gametic
… meiosis is Sporic
Diplontic or Gametic Life Cycle
Haplodiplontic or Sporic Life Cycle
Heteromorphic Alternation of Generations
Summary: Plant Life Cycle
Haplodiplontic Life Cycle in Plants
Cooksonia – a Primitive Plant
about 410 million years old
Sporangia
• Heteromorphic alternation of generations
– Gametophyte = Haploid Plant
– Sporophyte = Diploid Plant
•
•
•
•
Sexual reproduction: oogamous
Gametangia produce gametes
Sporangia produce spores
Embryo
produced from zygote
Upright
stem
Cuticle
Sporangia
3
Groups of Living Plants
Major trends in plant evolution
Nonvascular Plants
¾Vascular system (>400 mya)
¾Secondary growth (300mya)
Seedless Vascular Plants
¾Seed (300mya)
¾Flowers (200mya)
Vascular
Plants
Gymnosperms
Mosses
Liverworts
Hornworts
Lycophytes
Club mosses
Whisk ferns
Horsetails
Ferns
Gymnosperms
Conifers
Gnetophytes
Seed Plants
Angiosperms
Angiosperms
Flowering Plants
End
Introduction to Plants
4