Download Initial Assignment

Name ___________________________
Initial Assignment
Subject:
Biology
The first topic we will study in Biology is the heart and circulatory system. Use the BBC
Bitesize website for GCSE (PE) to help you refresh your knowledge from GCSE. Here’s a
link to help you.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/pe/appliedanatomy/0_anatomy_circulatorysys_rev1.shtml
The circulatory system (also known as the
cardiovascular system) has 3 main components.
What are they?
1)
2)
3)
Why is it known as a double circulatory system?
Use the words below to complete the information
Oxygen
Haemoglobin
Systemic
Pulmonary
Oxygenated
Nutrients
De-oxygenated
Carbon dioxide
Blood is carried to the lungs in the _____________ circuit. The blood becomes
_____________ which means that oxygen enters red blood cells where it is taken up
by _____________. At the same time, __________________ is removed from the
blood and enters the lungs to be breathed out. The blood is then returned to the heart.
The blood is carried around the body in the _________ circuit. This delivers _______
and ________ to the cells of the body and returns ____________ blood to the heart.
Please complete this task and bring to your first lesson when you start college.
Watch the animation to show how blood flows through the pulmonary and systemic
circulatory systems then label the diagram and add labels to show the route of blood
through these systems.
Heart structure
First write the words “Left” and “Right” in the boxes below to show which is the left side of
the heart and which is the right side. Then label the rest of the diagram.
side
side
Now answer the questions on the heart on the next page
Please complete this task and bring to your first lesson when you start college.
1)
Which chamber of the heart does deoxygenated blood from the body enter?
2)
Which chamber of the heart does oxygenated blood from the lungs enter?
3)
When the atria contract, blood is pushed from the atria into the ventricles. Which
valve does blood pass through on
a) the right side of the heart?
b) the left side of the heart?
4)
When the ventricles contract, blood is pushed upwards and out of the heart. Which
valves are pushed open to allow the blood to exit?
5)
Where does deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle go when it leaves the heart?
6)
Where does oxygenated blood from the left ventricle go when it leaves the heart?
7)
What is the role of the septum?
Blood vessels
This is a diagram of a capillary bed. Label the diagram and add an arrow to show the
direction of blood flow through the capillary bed.
Now read the information about arteries, veins and capillaries and complete the table
below to show which blood vessel each of the statements refers to.
Feature of blood vessel
Gas exchange takes place here
Type of blood vessel
(Artery, vein or capillary)
Have thick muscular walls
Carry blood to the heart
Carry blood away from the heart
Are one cell thick
Have thick muscular walls
Have thin walls
Have large internal lumen
Have small internal lumen
Please complete this task and bring to your first lesson when you start college.
Blood
What are the 4 key components of the blood?
1)
2)
3)
4)
Put labels in the boxes below to identify some of the key components of the blood.
Now read the information about blood and complete the table below to show which
component of the blood each of the statements refers to.
Feature
Component
of the blood
Contains haemoglobin which carries oxygen
Produce antibodies
Made in the bone marrow – more are made when you exercise regularly
Protect the body by helping to stop bleeding
Destroys harmful microorganisms
Liquid part of the blood
Clump together during blood clotting
Made in the bone marrow
Carries carbon dioxide, hormones and waste products
Please complete this task and bring to your first lesson when you start college.
AS introduction to the heart
Now you’ve done the GCSE recap of the heart, you’re going to see how you can build on
that to develop your A level knowledge. A big difference between GCSE and A level is the
independent learning skills you need to demonstrate. You need to be able to research a
topic and find things out for yourself, rather than just relying on your teacher to provide you
with the answer. We’d like you to have a go at this straight away! Use textbooks and/or
the internet to help you complete this task sheet before your first lesson. You should hand
it in to your teacher fully completed.
In this section of the AS level specification you need to be able to:
•
•
Explain the meaning of the terms single circulatory system and double circulatory
system, with reference to the circulatory systems of fish and mammals.
Explain the meanings of the terms open circulatory system and closed circulatory
system, with reference to the circulatory systems of insects and fish.
The purpose of a circulatory system is to deliver oxygen and glucose to cells for use in
respiration. There are different types of system depending on the needs of the organism.
So, you need to find out the following:
1) The difference between single and double circulatory systems.
Complete the sentences
In a single circulatory system, the blood ________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
In a double circulatory system, the blood _______________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2) The difference between open and closed circulatory systems
Complete the sentences
In an open circulatory system, the blood _______________________________
________________________________________________________________
In a closed circulatory system, the blood _______________________________
________________________________________________________________
Please complete this task and bring to your first lesson when you start college.
Now do some research into circulatory systems of mammals, insects and fish and put ticks
and crosses into the table below to identify the types of circulatory system the following
groups of organisms have.
Mammal
Insect
Fish
Single
Double
Open
Closed
Suggest below why mammals, insects and fish have different types of circulatory system
You also need to be able to
•
Describe, with the aid of diagrams and photographs, the external and internal
structure of the mammalian heart.
Study as many diagrams of the heart as you can find then use the words in the boxes on the
next page to label this diagram and the next one. It is challenging but that’s A levels for you!
Please complete this task and bring to your first lesson when you start college.
Diagram 1 – internal structure of the mammalian heart
Labels for diagram 1
Apex
Thick wall of left ventricle
Right pulmonary vein
Bicuspid valve
Aortic valve
Chordae tendinae
Pulmonary valve
Right pulmonary artery
Aortic arch
Superior vena cava
Left pulmonary vein
Septum
Left atrium
Papillary muscles
Aorta
Inferior vena cava
Left pulmonary artery
Right atrium
Wall of right ventricle
Tricuspid valve
Carotid artery
Diagram 2 – external structure of the mammalian heart
Labels for Diagram 2
Aortic arch
Pulmonary vein
Right atrium
Inferior vena
cava
Pulmonary
artery
Superior vena
cava
Base of left
ventricle
Left atrium
Right ventricle
Coronary artery
and vein
You must also be able to
•
Explain with the aid of diagrams the differences in the thickness of the walls of the
different chambers of the heart in terms of their functions.
Please complete this task and bring to your first lesson when you start college.
Look at the walls of the atria and ventricles on the diagram above.
What do you notice about
a) the thickness of the atrial walls compared with the thickness of the ventricle walls?
b) The thickness of the wall of the left ventricle compared with the thickness of the
right ventricle?
The thickness of the wall reflects the amount of muscle present in the wall. If the
wall is thicker there is more muscle and so more pressure can be generated. Use this
information to explain why the walls have different thicknesses.
You will have noticed that the heart has valves at various locations. What is the
purpose of valves in the heart?
Please complete this task and bring to your first lesson when you start college.
There are 6 valves that are important in the heart function. They can be grouped
into two different types. Find out the names of the two types of valves and fill in the
boxes below.
A ______________________ valves
S ______________________ valves
Now find out where each of the 6 valves are located and, if possible, find out their
specific names. You should be able to name at least 4 of them.
Name of valve
Type of valve
Location
The four chambers of the heart are the two atria at the top (one on the left side and one on
the right side) and the two ventricles at the bottom (one on the left side and one on the
right side). Look back at the diagram you have labelled on page 2. You will see that the
blood enters the heart from the venae cavae and the pulmonary veins.
Please complete this task and bring to your first lesson when you start college.
Where is the blood in the venae cavae coming from? Does it enter the left side or the right
side? Which chamber does it enter?
Where is the blood in the pulmonary veins coming from? Does it enter the left side or the
right side? Which chamber does it enter?
For this next section you need to do some research on the cardiac cycle and find out the
meaning of the terms systole and diastole.
Now study the diagrams below and put the correct headers above them. The headers are
diastole, atrial systole and ventricular systole. Put them above the appropriate diagram.
Overleaf are 15 statements about the cardiac cycle. 5 of them are about diastole, 5 are
about atrial systole and 5 are about ventricular systole. Use the diagrams, and your own
research to help you decide which phase the statement refers to and add it in the table.
Please complete this task and bring to your first lesson when you start college.
Statement
Phase
The atrio-ventricular valves are pushed fully open
The increasing pressure in the ventricles causes semilunar valves to be
pushed open
Blood enters the atria from the vena cavae and pulmonary veins
Muscle in ventricle walls contracts
Muscle in atrial walls contracts
As the atria fill, some blood trickles through from atria to ventricles
Blood leaves the ventricles and enters the aorta and pulmonary arteries
Blood leaves the atria and enters the ventricles
Pressure in the chambers of the heart is less than outside in arteries and
veins
The volume of the atria decreases causing the pressure to increase
The muscle in the walls of all chambers relaxes
The volume of the ventricles decreases causing the pressure to increase
The increasing pressure in the atria causes semilunar valves in the venae
cavae and pulmonary veins to be pushed shut which prevents back flow
of blood into the veins.
Higher pressure in the aorta and pulmonary arteries causes semi-lunar
valves to close, preventing backflow of blood into the ventricles
The increasing pressure in the ventricles causes atrio-ventricular valves
to be pushed shut which prevents back flow of blood into the atria.
Please complete this task and bring to your first lesson when you start college.
Now group the statements together and put them in a logical order to help you write a
summary of the key events in the cardiac cycle.
During atrial systole:
During ventricular systole:
During diastole:
Well done! You’ve completed your initial induction assignment!
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You now need to ensure that you learn this topic thoroughly, as you will be tested on
in it the first couple of weeks of your course.
The test is part of your induction programme which you must successfully complete
to be allowed to continue with AS Biology.
Please complete this task and bring to your first lesson when you start college.