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Biology Study Guide
Final Exam Review
Part 5
Chapter 29. Skin, Skeletal and Muscular Systems
1. Correctly label the four body cavities and name the organs that they contain in
the provided space.
Cranial.
-Contains brain.
Spinal.
-Spinal cord.
Thoracic.
-Contains the lungs and
heart.
Abdominal
-Contains the digestive,
excretory and reproductive
systems.
2. Fill the following chart with the appropriate information.
Body System
Integumentary
Muscular
Skeletal
Excretory
Digestive
Circulatory
Respiratory
Immune
Reproductive
Lymphatic
Main function(s)
Forms a waterproof protective barrier between the body and its
environment.
Moves parts of the body and substances throughout internal
organs.
Provides support and protection for internal organs.
Removes wastes from the body.
Takes in and breaks down food and absorbs nutrients.
Transports essential substances throughout the body.
Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide in the air.
Defends the body against infectious agents.
Enables the body to produce offspring.
Transports and cleanses the intercellular fluid, returning it to the
blood vessels.
3. Fill with pencil the bones that belong to the axial skeleton. Write to the left side of
the diagram the functions of the axial skeleton and to its right the functions of the
appendicular skeleton.
Axial Skeleton:
Protects vital
organs.
Appendicular
Skeleton:
Allows a wide array of
movements.
4. Use the following diagram to identify: a) compact bone, b) spongy bone, c) marrow
and write their function/description.
Compact bone:
Provides strength
and support.
Spongy bone:
Has many holes,
which contain the red
marrow.
Red marrow:
Soft tissue that
produces blood cells.
5. What are the similarities and differences between tendons and ligaments?
Tendons attach muscle to bone, while ligaments attach bone to bone.
6. What are the similarities and differences between cartilage and bursa?
Both protect the bones. Cartilage keeps them from rubbing, while bursa cushions
from impact.
7. Fill the following chart with the appropriate information.
Muscle Type
Smooth
Skeletal
Cardiac
Description
Involuntary muscle controlled
by the nervous system. Found
inside the organs of the body
systems.
Voluntary muscle that is
attached to the bones and
works in pairs.
Involuntary muscle that can
work even without nervous
control.
Examples (3)
Stomach, intestines,
esophagus, urethers.
Triceps, biceps, gluteus
maximus.
Heart
8. Identify the following structures and provide their description/function: a)
epidermis, b) dermis, c) sebaceous gland, d) sweat gland, e) hair.
Made of dead skin
cells.
Outer skin layer,
made of dead skin
cells.
Produces sebum to
keep skin soft and
strong.
Produces sweat to
cool down the body
Inner skin layer,
made of living cells.
9. How are hair and nails similar? How are they different?
They’re both made of dead cells, but the hair’s root is called a follicle, while the nail’s
root is called a cuticle.
10. What’s the function of melanin and keratin?
Melanin gives skin its color and protects it from the sun rays, while the keratin keeps
water and bacteria outside.
Chapter 30. Digestive and Excretory Systems
11. On the back of this page, list the organs with their name and function(s).
1. Mouth: chews food and mixes it with saliva.
2. Pharynx: the place where the nose and mouth cavity join. Contains the
epiglottis.
3. Epiglottis: closes the path to the trachea.
4. Esophagus: transports food to the stomach.
5. Gallbladder: stores the bile produced by the liver.
6. Liver: produces bile.
7. Stomach: digests food using chemical and mechanical digestion.
8. Pancreas: produces digestive fluids and a sugar-control substance called
insulin.
9. Small intestine: absorbs macronutrients.
10. Large intestine: absorbs micronutrients and water.
11. Rectum: Stores the feces and absorbs water.
12. Anus: expels the feces.
12. What is peristalsis?
The wave of movements that moves substances through empty, tube-like organs
(esophagus, stomach, intestines, etc.)
13. What are villi? Why are they important?
Finger-like structures found inside the small intestine, they’re important because they
increase the surface of absorption.
14. Correctly identify the organs of the excretory system and provide their function..
Kidneys:
Filter the blood to
produce urine.
Urethers:
Transport urine from the
kidneys to the bladder.
Urinary bladder:
Stores the urine until it
must be expelled.
Urethra:
Transport urine from the
bladder to the outside.
Chapter 31. Respiratory and Circulatory Systems
15. Write the name of the respiratory system’s structure on the provided line. On the
back of this page, list their main function.
1. Diaphragm: makes breathing
more efficient
2. Nose cavity: moistens and
cleans the air.
3. Epiglottis: closes the path to
the trachea.
4. Trachea: cilia in its walls
moves the mucus to the
pharynx.
5. Bronchi: lead air into the
lungs.
6. Lungs: the place where the
gas exchange occurs.
7. Alveoli: small sacs that
exchange oxygen and carbon
dioxide.
8. Larynx: is where the vocal
cords are located.
9. Bronchioles: divisions of the
bronchi that lead air into the
alveoli.
16. What is the epiglottis? Why is it important?
A flap of tissue found in the pharynx, that closes the entrance to the trachea so that
food and water won’t enter it.
17. How does the diaphragm make breathing more efficient?
It causes the lungs to expand towards the abdomen, so it makes a bigger surface for
oxygen absorption.
18. Define the three main parts of the circulatory system: heart, blood and blood
vessels.
Heart: the main organ of the circulatory system, it pumps the blood.
Blood: the tissue that transports substances across the body.
Blood vessels: the system through which the blood travels the body.
19. How are atria and ventricles different?
Atria are smaller and located on the upper part of the heart, they receive the blood
from the body into the heart.
Ventricles are larger and located on the lower part of the heart, they send the blood
from the atria into the body again.
20. What is the function of the heart’s valves?
They keep the blood flowing in one direction.
21. How are veins and arteries similar? How are they different?
They both transport blood. Arteries transport blood from the heart to the body
(usually, oxygen-rich blood). Veins transport the blood back to the heart (usually,
oxygen-poor blood).
22. What are the characteristics of blood capillaries?
They are very thin, so blood cells pass through it in a single line. This is were nutrients
and gases are exchanged with the cells of the body.
23. Name the function of the following components of blood:
Plasma
Clear liquid that hold the blood cells and transports them.
Red blood cells
Transport oxygen.
White blood cells
Fight disease.
Platelets
Clot to close wounds and prevent blood loss.
Chapter 32. Immune System
24. What is a pathogen? Name 3 examples.
An organism capable of causing an infectious disease: fungi, bacteria, viruses.
25. What is the difference between specific and nonspecific defenses?
Specific defenses need to recognize a pathogen before attacking it, while nonspecific
ones attack all pathogens without needing to recognize them.
26. What is the first line of defense composed of? What is its function?
The barrier is meant to keep all pathogens outside of the body. It’s composed of the
skin, hair, mucus, saliva and tears.
27. Following the figure in page 778, explain the steps of the inflammatory response.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Damaged cells release histamine.
Histamine causes the blood vessels to thicken.
Plasma and white blood cells leak outside of the vessel.
White blood cells attack pathogens that have entered.
Platelets close the wound.
28. How are antigen and antibodies related?
The antigen is a substance found on the surface of the pathogens, and it is unique
for each one of them. Antibodies identify the antigen and attach to it, that way, they
mark the pathogen for destruction.
29. What is the function of the following cells?
Macrophage
Large White blood cells that eat pathogens.
Helper T cell
They activate the immune response, by commanding the killer T
cells to divide.
Killer T cell
They attack marked pathogens and infected cells.
Suppressor T cell
They stop the quick multiplication of the killer T cells when the
infection has been controlled.