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Transcript
Chapter 11 social psychology psychology fourth edition Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objectives 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 What factors influence people or groups to conform to the actions of others, and how does the presence of others affect individual task performance? How is compliance defined, and what are some ways to gain the compliance of another? What factors make obedience more likely? What are the three components of an attitude, how are attitudes formed, and how can attitudes be changed? How do people react when attitudes and behavior are not the same? How are social categorization and implicit personality theories used in impression formation? How do people try to explain the actions of others? How are prejudice and discrimination different? Why are people prejudiced, and how can prejudice be stopped? What factors govern attraction and love, and what are some different kinds of love? How is aggressive behavior determined by biology and learning? What is altruism, and how is deciding to help someone related to the presence of others? What is social neuroscience? Conformity Groupthink Compliance Obedience Attitude Dissonance Attribution Prejudice Attraction Love Aggression Bystander Categorizing Cults AP Learning Objectives • XV. Social Psychology – Identify important figures in social psychology. – Describe the structure and function of different kinds of group behavior. – Discuss attitudes and how they change. – Discuss attitude formation and change, including persuasion strategies and cognitive dissonance. – Apply attribution theory to explain motives. – Describe processes that contribute to differential treatment of group members. Conformity Groupthink Compliance Obedience Attitude Dissonance Attribution Prejudice Attraction Love Aggression Bystander Categorizing Cults AP Learning Objectives Continued • XV. Social Psychology (continued) – Articulate the impact of social and cultural categories on self-concept and relations with others. – Anticipate the impact of behavior on a self-fulfilling prophecy. – Describe the variables that contribute to altruism, aggression, and attraction. – Discuss psychology’s abiding interest in how heredity, environment, and evolution work together to shape behavior. – Predict the impact of the presence of others on individual behavior. Conformity Groupthink Compliance Obedience Attitude Dissonance Attribution Prejudice Attraction Love Aggression Bystander Categorizing Cults Social Influence 11.1 Conformity Social Psychology and Conformity LO 11.1 Factors Affecting Conformity AP: Identify Important Figures • Conformity: changing one’s own behavior to match that of other people – Muzafer Sherif’s study of conformity • autokinetic effect – Solomon Asch’s study of conformity • Perceptual judgments of three vertical lines Conformity Groupthink Compliance Obedience Attitude Dissonance Attribution Prejudice Attraction Love Aggression Bystander Categorizing Cults Conformity • Conformity occurs when people yield to real or imagined social pressure • Solomon Asch Perceptual judgments of three vertical lines • In approximately one third of the cases when the confederates gave an incorrect answer, the participants conformed • Normative social influence • Informational social influence Conformity Groupthink Compliance Obedience Attitude Dissonance Attribution Prejudice Attraction Love Aggression Bystander Categorizing Cults Groupthink and Compliance LO 11.1 Factors Affecting Conformity • Groupthink- Irving Janis: occurs when people place more importance on maintaining group cohesiveness than on assessing the facts of the problem with which the group is concerned Conformity Groupthink Compliance Obedience Attitude Dissonance Attribution Prejudice Attraction Love Aggression Bystander Categorizing Cults • Group think is greater when… – There is highly cohesive groups – Groups work in isolation – There is a strong leader – They are under stress to make a decision Conformity Groupthink Compliance Obedience Attitude Dissonance Attribution Prejudice Attraction Love Aggression Bystander Categorizing Cults An Eight-Ball and a Cockroach • Social Facilitation- Robert Zajonc • Eight-ball • Cockroach Conformity Groupthink Compliance Obedience Attitude Dissonance Attribution Prejudice Attraction Love Aggression Bystander Categorizing Cults Social Facilitation & Social Loafing • Social loafing – when working on same task, others’ presence leads to less effort Conformity Groupthink Compliance Obedience Attitude Dissonance Attribution Prejudice Attraction Love Aggression Bystander Categorizing Cults Group Behavior LO 11.1 Factors Affecting Conformity AP: Structure and Function of Group Behavior • Deindividuation: a lessening of one’s sense of personal identity and personal responsibility – groups or crowds can offer a sense of anonymity Conformity Groupthink Compliance Obedience Attitude Dissonance Attribution Prejudice Attraction Love Aggression Bystander Categorizing Cults 11.2 Compliance Compliance LO 11.2 Ways to Gain Compliance • Compliance: changing one’s behavior as a result of other people directing or asking for the change Conformity Groupthink Compliance Obedience Attitude Dissonance Attribution Prejudice Attraction Love Aggression Bystander Categorizing Cults 11.3 Obedience Obedience LO 11.3 Making Obedience More Likely AP: Identify Important Figures • Obedience: changing one’s behavior at the command of an authority figure • One of the most shocking experiments in psychology Conformity Groupthink Compliance Obedience Attitude Dissonance Attribution Prejudice Attraction Love Aggression Bystander Categorizing Cults Obedience LO 11.3 Making Obedience More Likely AP: Identify Important Figures Milgram study: “teacher” administered what he or she thought were real shocks to a “learner” – participants consistently follow orders to administer apparently painful shocks – teacher delivered electrical shocks to a learner for an incorrect response (15 to 450 volts) – How far do you think they would go? Conformity Groupthink Compliance Obedience Attitude Dissonance Attribution Prejudice Attraction Love Aggression Bystander Categorizing Cults Control Panel in Milgram’s Experiment Obedience 14.3 What factors make obedience more likely? • Compliance due to perceived authority of asker • Request perceived as command Conformity Groupthink Compliance Obedience Attitude Dissonance Attribution Prejudice Attraction Love Aggression Bystander Categorizing Cults Obedience Stanley Milgram He arrived at the disturbing conclusion that given the right circumstances, anyone might obey orders to inflict harm on innocent strangers Other versions › If an accomplice defied the experimenter and supported the subject’s objection, obedience declined dramatically Conformity Groupthink Compliance Obedience Attitude Dissonance Attribution Prejudice Attraction Love Aggression Bystander Categorizing Cults 11.4 Attitudes ttitude Attitudes: Making Social Judgments • Attitudes are a set of beliefs and feelings • Advertising tries to change our attitudes • Mere exposure effect – Why do we see the same commercials over and over again? – The more we are exposed to something the more one will come to like it! Conformity Groupthink Compliance Obedience Attitude Dissonance Attribution Prejudice Attraction Love Aggression Bystander Categorizing Cults Persuasion LO 11.4 Components of, Formation of, and Changes in Attitude • Persuasion – attempt to change another’s attitude via argument, explanation, etc. THE ELEMENTS OF PERSUASION Conformity Groupthink Compliance Obedience Attitude Dissonance Attribution Prejudice Attraction Love Aggression Bystander Categorizing Cults Attitudes: Making Social Judgments • Persuasion includes four basic elements – Source, receiver, message, and medium (channel). • Source Factors – More successful when the source has high credibility – Expertise is important, but trustworthiness can be even more important. – What does Henry Winkler know about reverse mortgages? Conformity Groupthink Compliance Obedience Attitude Dissonance Attribution Prejudice Attraction Love Aggression Bystander Categorizing Cults 11.5 Cognitive Dissonance 11.6 Impression Formation Social Categorizaion LO 11.6 Social Categorization and Implicit Personality Theories • Impression formation: forming of the first knowledge a person has about another person – primacy effect: the very first impression one has about a person tends to persist even in the face of evidence to the contrary Conformity Groupthink Compliance Obedience Attitude Dissonance Attribution Prejudice Attraction Love Aggression Bystander Categorizing Cults Social Categorization LO 11.6 Social Categorization and Implicit Personality Theories • Social categorization: the assignment of a person one has just met to a category based on characteristics the new person has in common with other people with whom one has had experience in the past – stereotype: a set of characteristics that people believe is shared by all members of a particular social category Conformity Groupthink Compliance Obedience Attitude Dissonance Attribution Prejudice Attraction Love Aggression Bystander Categorizing Cults Implicit Personality Theories LO 11.6 Social Categorization and Implicit Personality Theories • Implicit personality theory: sets of assumptions about how different types of people, personality traits, and actions are related to each other – Implicit Association Test (IAT): measures the degree of association between concepts • Schemas: mental patterns that represent what a person believes about certain types of people – schemas can become stereotypes Conformity Groupthink Compliance Obedience Attitude Dissonance Attribution Prejudice Attraction Love Aggression Bystander Categorizing Cults 11.7 Attribution Attributions LO 11.7 How People Explain Others’ Actions AP: Applying Attribution Theory to Explain Motives • Attribution: the process of explaining one’s own behavior and the behavior of others • Attribution theory: the theory of how people make attributions Conformity Groupthink Compliance Obedience Attitude Dissonance Attribution Prejudice Attraction Love Aggression Bystander Categorizing Cults Attributions LO 11.7 How People Explain Others’ Actions AP: Applying Attribution Theory to Explain Motives • Situational cause: cause of behavior attributed to external factors: – delays – the action of others – some other aspect of the situation • Dispositional cause: cause of behavior attributed to internal factors – personality – character Conformity Groupthink Compliance Obedience Attitude Dissonance Attribution Prejudice Attraction Love Aggression Bystander Categorizing Cults Attributions LO 11.7 How People Explain Others’ Actions AP: Applying Attribution Theory to Explain Motives • Fundamental attribution error – the tendency to overestimate the influence of internal factors while underestimating situational factors when evaluating the behavior of others • Actor-observer bias (Self-Serving Bias) – the tendency to use situational attributions instead of personal ones in explaining our own behavior Conformity Groupthink Compliance Obedience Attitude Dissonance Attribution Prejudice Attraction Love Aggression Bystander Categorizing Cults Attribution Process:Explaining Behavior • Self-fulfilling prophecy – expectations we have about others can influence the outcome of an event • “Pygmalion in the Classroom” experiment – Rosenthal and Jacobson • The Pygmalion effect, or Rosenthal effect, is the phenomenon in which the greater the expectation placed upon people, the better they perform • Teachers expectations that students would bloom intellectually over the year came true Conformity Groupthink Compliance Obedience Attitude Dissonance Attribution Prejudice Attraction Love Aggression Bystander Categorizing Cults END OF FIRST SECTION OF SLIDES Jump to next section
