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Biology 4B - Lab Practical #2
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Early embryology
o Be able to ID & know functions: zygote with fertilization membrane, early cleavage, morula, blastula
(blastocoel), gastrula (blastocoel, blastopore, archenteron, endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm (a derivative),
fate of the blastopore, deuterostome development, radial vs spiral cleavage
Invertebrates I (taxonomy, structure & functions, some genera)
o Ph. Porifera
 Scypha/Grantia slides (don’t need to memorize these genera): ostia, spongocoel, osculum,
choanocytes, amoebocytes, spicules
 Look at the live species (formerly living) and be able to ID: ostia, spongocoel, osculum
o Ph. Cnidaria
 Cl. Hydrozoa: polyp & medusa stages
 Hydra slide – oral, aboral, gastrovascular cavity, ectoderm, endoderm (gastrodermis),
tentacles, cnidocytes, nematocysts
 Gonionemus (jar specimen) – exumbrella, subumbrella, velum, manubrium, ring & radial
canals, tentacles, statocysts, gonads
 Cl. Scyhozoa
 Aurelia specimen - exumbrella, subumbrella, ring & radial canals, tentacles, statocysts,
gonads
 Cl. Anthozoa
 Know representative members: sea anemone & corals, symbiotic relationships?
o Dissection: oral disc, mouth, tentacles, pedal disc, pharynx, gastrovascular cavity
o Ph. Platyhelminthes (flatworm lifestyle: free-living or parasitic)
 Cl. Turbellaria
 Dugesia (slide): ID, common name, eye spots, pharynx, mouth, intestines, lifestyle
 Cl. Trematoda
 Clonorchis slide: ID, genus, intermediate host, location in final host, oral & ventral suckers,
testes and uterus, how acquired
 Fasciola slide: ID, genus, intermediate host, location in final host, oral & ventral suckers,
testes and uterus, how acquired
 Schistosoma slide: ID, genus, intermediate host, location in final host, oral & ventral suckers,
testes and uterus, how acquired, gynecophoric canal
 Cl. Cestoda
 Tapeworms: ID to common name, scolex, proglottids, how acquired
Invertebrates II (taxonomy, structure & functions, some genera)
o Ph. Mollusca
 Foot, mantle, visceral mass, shell, radula
 Cl. Polyplacophora
 Chiton: common name, where found, lifestyle, foot, mantle, mouth, dorsal plates
 Cl. Gastropoda
 common name, where found, lifestyle, foot
 Cl. Bivalvia
 Know common and representatives
 Clam anatomy/dissection: umbo, anterior/posterior, adductor muscles (scars on shell),
pallial line, mantle, nacreous, foot, labial palps, intestines, gonads, gills, heart location,
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Cl. Cephalopoda
 Squid, octopus, cuttlefish, nautilus – examples
o Squid dissection: 8 arms with suckers, two tentacles with suckers, mantle, lateral
fins, eyes, siphon, systemic heart, 2 brachial hearts, gills, pen, beak
o Ph. Annelida (know some representatives, structure & function, where found)
 Cl. Polychaeta
 Common name = polychaete worms, ID head, jaws, tentacles, parapodium (function), setae
 Cl. Oligochaeta
 Common name, ID clitellum, anterior/posterior, lifestyle
 Cl. Hirundinea
 Common name, lifestyle, oral & posterior suckers
o Ph. Nematoda (ID to genus, how infected, location, etc.)
 Ascaris – differentiate between males and females
 Trichinella
 hookworm
 pinworms
Invertebrates III (taxonomy, structure & functions, some genera)
o Ph. Arthropoda
 Subphylum Trilobita
 ID common, head, thorax, abdomen
 Subphylum Cherlicerata (chelicerae, pedipalps & 4 prs walking legs, cephalothorax & abdomen)
 Cl. Merostomata: horseshoe crab
o ID common name, where found, carapace, simple eyes, compound eyes, telson,
chelicerae, pedipalps, walking legs, genital operculum, book gills,
 Cl. Arachnida – spiders, ticks/mites, scorpions, harvestmen
o ID to common name, chelicerae, pedipalps, walking legs
 Spiders: spinnerettes
 Scorpion: stinger,
 Tick/mites
 Subphylum Crustacea
 Cl. Maxillopoda – copepods & barnacles (tidepools)
o Common name for various barnacles (acron, gooseneck, buckshot, etc.)
 Cl. Malacostraca – isopods/pill bugs, krill, crabs/shrimp/lobster/crayfish/ etc (tidepools)
o Crayfish: ID antennules, antennae, mandible, cheliped, swimmerets, uropod, telson,
 Subphylum Mryiapoda
 Cl. Chilopoda – centipedes (common name, lifestyle, 1 pr of legs/body segment)
 Cl. Diplopoda – millipedes (common name, lifestyle, 2 prs of legs/body segment)
 Subphylum Hexapoda
 Cl. Insecta
o Be able to ID head (antennae, compound eyes, ocelli), thorax (wings (elytra), legs,
abdomen (ovipositor, tympanum, spiracles) on a variety of insects
o Mouth parts: chewing, sponging/lapping, siphoning, piercing/sucking
o Ph. Onyhophora: velvet worms: common name & lifestyle
o Ph. Echinodermata (will cover at tidepools)
 Cl. Asteroidea – sea stars
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Common name, oral/aboral surfaces, central disk, arms, eyespot, spines, pedicellariae,
madreporite, ambulacral grooves, tube feet
 Cl. Ophiuroidea – brittle/basket stars
 Common name, madreporite,
 Cl. Echinoidea – sea urchins, sand dollars
 Common name, madreporite, ambulacral groove, spine tubercle, tube feet, Aristotle’s
lantern
 Cl. Holothuroidea – sea cucumbers: common name
 Cl. Crinoidea – sea lilies, feather stars: common name
Chordates (taxonomy, structure & functions, some genera)
o Ph. Chordata
 Be able to ID chordate characteristics, functions for each and what they are in you:
notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, post anal tail, endostyle
 Subphylum Urochordates: be able to recognize larval (slide) and adult, where found, chordata
characteristics
 Subphylum Cephalochordate (lancelot): be able to ID: wheel organ, buccal cirri, chordata
characteristics, intestines, myomere
 Subphylum Vertebrata
 Superclass Agnatha
o Ammocetes larva: be able to ID chordate characteristics,
o Lamprey dissection: ID and know functions for: nostril, olefactory sac, cloaca,
pharynx, esophagus, internal/external gills/slits, liver, heart, paired kidneys,
intestines, testis, ovary, notochord, brain, dorsal hollow nerve cord
 Superclass Gnathostomata
o Cartilaginous fish, bony fish, amphibians (caecilians, frogs/toads, salamanders),
reptiles (crocodilians, lizards, snakes & birds), mammals (monotremes, marsupials,
placentals)