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Ch 39: Endocrine and Reproductive System
39-1 The Endocrine System
The endocrine system is made up of glands that release their products into the bloodstream. These
products deliver messages throughout the body.
A. Hormones
1. __________________- chemicals released in one part of the body that travel through the
bloodstream and affect the activities of cells in other parts of the body.
2. Hormones ___________________________________________________________________
3. Target cells- _________________________________________________________________
4. If a cell does not have receptors or the receptors do not respond to a hormone, that hormone has
_________________________________________.
B. Glands
1. ___________________- an organ that produces and releases a secretion.
2. There are two kinds of glands:
a. Exocrine glands- ________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________.
b. Endocrine glands- _______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________.
Label the following:
Adrenal glands
Hypothalamus
Ovary
Pancreas
Parathyroid glands
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Testis
Thymus
Thyroid
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C. Hormone Action
1. Hormones are classified as either steroids or nonsteroids.
a. Steroid hormones are _____________________________________________________
i. can cross cell membranes easily.
ii. Hormone-receptor complexes regulate gene expression.
iii. Because steroid hormones affect gene expression directly, they can produce
dramatic changes in cell and organism activity.
b. Nonsteroid hormones _____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
i. cannot pass through the cell membrane.
Steroid Hormones- can cross membranes easily.
Once inside the cell, the hormone binds to a receptor,
forming a hormone-receptor complex. The hormonereceptor complex initiates mRNA transcription. This
leads to protein synthesis.
Draw arrows to show the sequence of steps in steroid
hormone function.
Color the steroid hormone green
Color the receptor purple
1. To what does the hormone-receptor complex
bind?
cytoplasm
DNA
2. What are steroid hormones?
lipids
nucleic acids
Nonsteroid hormones- bind to receptors on cell
membranes. The binding activates an enzyme on the
inner surface of the cell membrane. This enzyme
activates secondary messengers that carry the
message of the hormone inside the cell.
- Draw arrows to show the sequence of steps in
Nonsteroid hormone function.
- Color the nonsteroid hormone yellow
- Color the receptor blue
1. Which kind of hormone generally cannot cross
cell membranes?
steroid
nonsteroid
2. Which of the following is found inside the cell?
first messenger
second messenger
3. Why does the steroid hormone exert a greater
influence on cell activity?
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D. Control of the Endocrine System
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1. All cells (except red blood cells) produce small amounts of hormone like substances called
prostaglandins.
a. Prostaglandins are _____________________________________________________.
b. They __________________________________________________________, and are
known as “local hormones.”
Like most systems of the body, the endocrine system is regulated by feedback mechanisms that
function to maintain homeostasis.
39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
A. Pituitary Gland
Function: _____________________________________________________________________
1. Produces growth hormone (GH)
a. _______________________- too much GH during childhood
b. __________________________________________- too little GH during childhood
B. Hypothalamus
Function: _____________________________________________________________________
1. The activity of the hypothalamus is influenced by levels of hormones in the blood and by
sensory information collected by the CNS.
C. Thyroid
Function: _____________________________________________________________________
1. Produces thyroxine
a. Increases the rate of ______________________________________________________
b. Increases the rate of cellular respiration (cells release more heat and energy)
2. Thyroid disorders
a. _________________________________: the body produces too much thyroxine. It
is characterized by elevated temperature and metabolic rate, increased blood
pressure, and weight loss.
b. _________________________________: the body produces too little thyroxine. It
is characterized by lower temperature and metabolic rate, lack of energy, weight
gain, and goiter.
i. ________________________: enlargement of thyroid gland. Caused by an
iodine deficiency.
c. ____________________________- iron deficient therefore you can’t produce
thyroxine. Causes the skeletal and nervous system to not develop properly.
D. Parathyroid- 4 glands found on the thyroid gland
Function: _____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
1. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)a. _____________________________________________________ by increasing the
reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys and the digestive system.
b. promotes proper ______________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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E. Adrenal glands- 1 on top of each kidney
Function: ____________________________________________________________________
1. Adrenal cortex- ______% of the gland, produces more that 2 dozen steroid hormones called
corticosteroids
a. _________________________________- regulates the reabsorption of sodium ions
and excretion of potassium ions by kidneys
b. _________________________________- helps control the rate of metabolism of
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
2. Adrenal medulla- release of hormones regulated by the sympathetic nervous system.
a. Epinephrine and norepinephrine:
i. _____________________________________________________________
ii. cause air passageways to open wider, allowing for an increased intake of
oxygen.
iii. stimulate the release of extra glucose into the blood to help produce a sudden
burst of energy.
F. Pancreas- has both exocrine and endocrine functions.
Function: _____________________________________________________________________
1. It produces insulin and glucagon.
a. ______________________ stimulates cells in the liver and muscles to remove sugar
from the blood and store it as glycogen or fat.
b. ______________________ stimulates the liver to break down glycogen and release
glucose back into the blood.
2. Maintaining Blood Sugar Levels
a. When glucose levels rise, the pancreas releases insulin.
b. Insulin _____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
c. Glucose taken out of circulation is stored as glycogen in the liver and skeletal
muscles.
d. In fat tissue, glucose is converted to lipids.
e. When blood glucose level drops, glucagon is released from the pancreas.
f. Glucagon stimulates liver cells and skeletal muscles to break down glycogen and
increase glucose levels.
g. It causes fat cells to break down fats for production of carbohydrates.
h. This makes more chemical energy available and helps raise the blood glucose level
back to normal.
i. _______________________________________ -when the pancreas fails to
produce or properly use insulin, diabetes mellitus occurs.
G. Gonads- _______________________________________________________________________.
Functions: the production of gametes, and the secretion of sex hormones.
1. The female gonads—the _______________________—____________________________
a. ____________________________________- hormone that prepares the uterus for
the arrival of a developing embryo.
b. ____________________________________- hormone needed for the development
of eggs and for the formation of physical characteristics of the female body.
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2. The male gonads—the ____________________—_________________________________
a. __________________________________- hormone needed for normal sperm
production and development of male physical characteristics.
39-3 The Reproductive System
A. Sexual Development
1. In humans, the reproductive system _______________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________.
2. ___________________- a period of rapid growth and sexual maturation during which the
reproductive system becomes fully functional. When puberty ends, reproductive organs are
fully developed.
3. Puberty usually begins between the _______________________________________________,
and usually starts __________________________________________________ than in males.
4. Puberty begins when the hypothalamus signals the pituitary to produce increased levels folliclestimulating hormone (________) and lutinizing hormone (_____) that affect the gonads.
B. The Male Reproductive System
The main role of the male reproductive system is to ______________________________________
1. Release of FSH and LH stimulates cells in the testes to produce testosterone.
2. _______________________________________________ stimulate the development of sperm.
3. Sperm + egg= zygote, the single cell from which all cells of the human body develop.
4. A sperm cell consists of:
a. ____________________________________________
b. midpiece, which contains energy-releasing
mitochondria
c. ____________________________________________
5. _____________- located in an external sac called the scrotum.
6. _______________________- located outside the body cavity,
where it is between ____ and ____ degrees _______________
than normal body temperature. The lower temperature helps
sperm development.
7. Seminiferous tubules- hundreds of tiny tightly coiled tubules
within each testis where sperm are produced.
8. Epididymis- where ___________________________________
___________________________________________________
9. _______________________________- a tube which extends up from the scrotum into the
abdominal cavity.
10. _______________________- the tube that leads to the outside of the body through the penis.
11. Glands lining the reproductive tract produce seminal fluid.
12. Seminal fluid _________________________________________________________________
of the female reproductive tract.
13. ____________________- the combination of sperm and seminal fluid.
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Label the diagram
of the male
reproductive
system: urinary
bladder, vas
deferens, seminal
vesicle, urethra,
testis, rectum,
epididymis, and
prostate gland
1. Where are the sperm produced?
2. How do the sperm get from the epididymis to the urethra?
C. The Female Reproductive System
The main role of the female reproductive system is to produce ova. In addition, the female
reproductive system prepares the female’s body to nourish a developing embryo.
1. _______________- primary reproductive organs in the female, located in the abdominal cavity.
2. Puberty in females starts when the hypothalamus signals the pituitary gland to release FSH and
LH.
3. FSH stimulates cells within the ovaries to produce _________________.
4. Egg Development
a. Each ovary contains about ________________________________________________,
which are clusters of cells surrounding a single egg.
b. The follicle helps an egg mature for release into the reproductive tract, where it can be
fertilized.
c. ______________________________________________________________________.
5. Egg Release
a. Ovulation- the process in which an __________________________________________
b. The follicle breaks open, and the egg is swept from the ovary into one of the two
Fallopian tubes.
c. While in the Fallopian tube, an egg can be fertilized.
d. After a few days, the _____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
e. If the egg is not fertilized it passes through the cervix, and finally out of the vagina
during a menstrual period.
f. ____________________- leads to the outside of the body.
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 Label the picture of the female
reproductive system: uterus, rectum,
urethra, urinary bladder, vagina, tail
bone, cervix
1. If a female begins producing mature
eggs at age 13 and continues
uninterrupted until age 48, about how
many eggs does she produce in a
lifetime?
2. What structures are missing in this
image?
 Color the ovaries blue
Color the Fallopian tubes yellow
Color the uterus red
Color the vagina orange
1. Which structure allows the baby to pass out
of the body during child birth?
Ovary
vagina
2. What must happen to the cervix to allow the
baby to be born?
6. The Menstrual Cycle
a. Menstrual cycle- controlled by internal feedback mechanisms between the reproductive
system and the endocrine system
i. The cycle takes an ________________________________________________.
b. During the menstrual cycle, an _____________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
c. The uterus is prepared to receive a fertilized egg.
d. If the egg is fertilized, it is _________________________________________________
and embryonic development begins.
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e. If the egg is not fertilized, it is discharged.
f. The menstrual cycle has four phases:
i. _______________________- begins when estrogen levels in the blood are low.
1. The anterior pituitary secretes FSH and LH, which cause a follicle to
develop to maturity.
2. Estrogen causes the lining of the uterus to thicken.
ii. _______________________- occurs midway through the cycle and lasts 3–4
days.
1. The pituitary gland produces more FSH and LH.
2. The release of these hormones causes the follicle to rupture, and a
mature egg is released into one of the Fallopian tubes.
iii. __________________________- begins after the egg is released.
1. As the egg moves in the Fallopian tube, the follicle turns yellow and is
called the corpus luteum.
2. Within a few days of implantation, the uterus and the growing embryo
will release hormones that keep the corpus luteum functioning for
several weeks.
3. This allows the lining of the uterus to nourish and protect the developing
embryo.
iv. ___________________________- if fertilization does not occur, the corpus
luteum will begin to disintegrate.
1. The follicle breaks down and releases less hormones, which makes the
uterine lining detach.
2. This tissue, blood, and the unfertilized egg are discharged through the
vagina.
3. This phase is _____________________________________________
D. Sexually Transmitted Diseases- diseases that spread from one person to another during sexual
contact are called sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
1. STDs are a serious problem in the U.S., infecting millions of people each year and accounting
for thousands of deaths.
2. STDs caused by bacteria _______________________________________________________
3. STDs caused by viruses ________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
39-4 Fertilization and Development
A. Fertilization
The process of a sperm joining an egg is called ______________________________
1. __________________- fertilized egg.
B. Early Development
1. ________________________________- early stage in which the blastocyst attaches to the wall
of the uterus
2. _____________________________- solid ball of cells
3. ______________________________- hollow structure with an inner cavity.
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4. _________________________________- process in which cells become specialized in
structure and function.
5. _________________________________- process that results in the formation of three cell
layers
a. Ectoderm- will develop into the __________________________________________
b. Endoderm- forms the __________________________________________________
and many of the digestive organs.
c. Mesoderm- form many of the ___________________________________________
6. Neurlation- ________________________________________________________________
7. __________________________________- fluid-filled structure that cushions and protects the
embryo
8. __________________________________- embryo’s organ of respiration, nourishment, and
excretion.
9. ____________________________________________- structure that connects the fetus to the
placenta
10. _____________________________- what the embryo is called after 8 weeks of development
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