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ACE Group Fitness Instructor Manual Chapter Exercise 1 Physiology CARDIO-RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 1 Components of the cardiorespiratory system Blood Vessels Heart Lungs Airways 2 Components of the cardiorespiratory system Blood: carries nutrients, gases, wastes, and hormones Nutrients—carbohydrates, fats, and proteins Gases—oxygen and carbon dioxide (carried in red blood cells on the protein hemoglobin) Wastes—lactic acid and other metabolic by-products Hormones—sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system activation 3 Components of the cardiorespiratory system Vessels: transport system for blood throughout the body Arteries—carry oxygenated blood away from the heart (with the exception of the pulmonary artery) Veins—carry de-oxygenated blood to the heart (with the exception of the pulmonary vein) Capillaries—tiny vessels across which the exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes occurs between the blood and the cells of the body 4 Arterial Blood Pressure Expressed as systolic/diastolic Normal is 120/80 mmHg High is ≥140/90 mmHg Systolic pressure (top number) Pressure generated during ventricular contraction (systole) Diastolic pressure Pressure in the arteries during cardiac relaxation (diastole) Measurement of Blood Pressure Blood Pressure throughout circulatory system Arteries & Veins The Skeletal Muscle Pump Rhythmic skeletal muscle contractions force blood in the extremities toward the heart One-way valves in veins prevent backflow of blood Components of the cardiorespiratory system Heart: a four-chambered pump responsible for distributing blood to the lungs and to the rest of the body Right side—receives venous blood returning from the body Left side—receives arterial blood returning from the lungs 11 Components of the cardiorespiratory system Heart Atria—the two upper chambers of the heart Ventricles—the two lower chambers of the heart 12 Components of the cardiorespiratory system Heart--Blood distribution The left and right sides of the heart contract simultaneously. At the same time the blood from the right ventricle is pumped to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries, the blood from the left ventricle is ejected to the rest of the body through the aorta. 13 Heart Anatomy Figure 12.2 Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Components of the cardiorespiratory system Heart Systole—contraction phase of the cardiac cycle Diastole—relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle During diastole, the heart muscle is supplied with oxygen through the coronary arteries. Having a high level of cardiorespiratory fitness means the heart spends more time in diastole at rest and during submaximal exercise due, in part, to a decreased resting heart rate (RHR). 15 Components of the cardiorespiratory system Lungs: encase the smaller branches of the trachea that allow gas exchange between the blood and the atmosphere Airways: transport system for carrying gases into and out of the body—commonly referred to as the bronchial tree Alveoli—microscopic ducts responsible for gas exchange in the lungs The lungs contain an estimated 300 million alveoli providing a surface area of approximately 230 square feet (the size of a tennis court). 16 Major Organs of the Respiratory System Alveoli Pulmonary Ventilation Pulmonary ventilation is the process by which air is moved into and out of the lung (inspiration, expiration) Inspiration is an active process in which the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, increasing dimensions and volume of the thoracic cage Expiration at rest is normally passive; the inspiratory muscles relax, decreasing the thoracic cage Forced inspiration and expiration are active processes involving accessory muscles