Download Unit 9 ~ Learning Guide Name

BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
Unit 9 ~ Learning Guide
Name:________________
INSTRUCTIONS
Complete the following notes and questions as you work through the related lessons.
You are required to have this package completed BEFORE you write your unit test. Do
your best and ask questions about anything that you don't understand BEFORE you
write the unit test.
U9L1 NOTES: PULMONARY AND SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
(web notes and video)
Types of Blood Vessels
Arteries: Function: ________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
_______________________________
• Structure: __________________
_______________________
______________________
• Location: Usually found deep
along bones
Veins: Function: __________________
_______________________________
• Structure: __________________
___________________________.
• Location: Often on the surface surrounded by skeletal muscle.
Capillaries: Function: ___________________________________________________.
• Structure: Very thin walls (____________________).
• Location: ______________________; within a few cells of each other.
• Capillaries have __________________________ that can ______________ and
___________________ the vessel. If all capillary beds were open at one time, it
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BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
would ___________________ the blood pressure. If all the capillary beds were
__________________, it would increase blood pressure.
Arterioles and Venules: All the features of arteries and veins apply to
______________________________________, but on a __________________ scale.
•
Arterioles leading into a particular organ or region, are often equipped
with sphincter muscles. When triggered, they can dilate or constrict to regulate
_____________________________________, increasing or decreasing blood
flow to that particular ____________________________.
•
The term afferent arteriole means the ___________________ arteriole
where efferent arteriole is the ______________________ arteriole
YOU SHOULD WATCH THE TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS VIDEO
BEFORE PROCEEDING ANY FURTHER!
Major Blood Vessels of the Body
1. Aorta: This is the major blood vessel carrying
____________________ blood _________ of the
heart. It leaves the ______________________,
loops over top of the heart creating the structure
known as the _______________ and descends
along the inside of the backbone.
• Function: Branches from this blood vessel
___________________________________.
2. Coronary Arteries and Veins: The very first
branches off the Aorta are the Coronary arteries.
These relatively small blood vessels can be seen
on the surface of the heart.
• Function: Feeds the _________________
___________________. (The heart does not
receive its nutrients from the blood that travels
through it. The muscle is too dense and thick
and the blood is traveling through it too hard
and fast.)
• Coronary Vein takes the "_____________
_____________" back to the ______________.
• **Note that "spent blood" is the terminology
used to describe blood that has delivered
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BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
oxygen to the cells and picked up carbon dioxide. Therefore "spent blood"
is low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide**
3. Carotid Arteries: These branches off the
aortic arch and take the blood to the
__________ including the ___________.
• Function:
They
are
highly
specialized in that they contain a
number of different types of
___________________________:
Chemoreceptors that __________
____________________________
_____________, and Pressure
Receptors that ______________________________________________.
These chemoreceptors help to maintain homeostasis.
4. Jugular Veins: The match for the Carotid
Artery. They do not contain valves. Blood
flow is through gravity.
• Function: They conduct blood out of
the ___________________________
_____________________________.
5. Subclavian Arteries and Veins: Also
branch from the ______________. Travels
under the __________________________.
• Function: Branch to feed the _____________ (brachial artery). Veins
collect blood from the arms.
6. Mesenteric Arteries: These arteries
branch off from the aorta as it travels
______________________. They go to
the intestines where they branch into
capillaries that can be identified as villi.
For the purpose of this course there is no
corresponding ______________________
_________.
• Function: Feeding the organs of the
_____________________________
and picks up newly digested
nutrients in the body.
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7. Hepatic Portal Vein: Instead of a ______________________, it is called a
_______________________________. Hepatic means liver; portal indicates that
there is a capillary bed on both ends of it.
• Function: Brings ______________________________________________
_____________________.
8. Hepatic Vein: Once the liver has done its thing to the blood, the blood must
________________________________________________________________.
• Function:
Carries
blood
from
the
liver
to
the
________________________________________.
9. Renal Arteries and Veins: The
______________________ branch
off the dorsal aorta as it passes
through the lumbar region of the
body.
• Function: the ____________
take
blood
to
the
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
______________ Vena Cava.
10. Iliac Arteries and Veins: When the __________________________ gets to the
pelvic area. It branches into two Iliac Arteries, one goes down each leg. Off the
______________________ is another branch that feeds the upper leg. This is
called the ___________________________.
• Function: To supply the legs with ______________________ and return
_____________________________ to the ____________________
_____________________________.
11. Anterior (Superior) and Posterior (Inferior) Vena Cava: _______________
_________________________________________________.
• Function: Large vein that collects all the "____________" ____________
from smaller veins and carries it to the heart (right atrium). The
__________________________________ collects blood from the
__________________________, while the Posterior Vena Cava collects
blood from the lower body.
12. Pulmonary Veins and Arteries: The Pulmonary Circuit is comprised of the
_______________________________ and arteries that deal strictly with
_______________________________. It is the only artery in the body that
__________________________________ and the only vein in the body that
carries _____________________________ blood. (remember: the function of
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arteries is to carry blood away from the heart and the function of veins is to carry
blood to the heart)
• Function: The arteries bring _________________________ blood from the
right side of the heart to the lungs to get oxygen for the body, while the
veins return ______________________ blood from the lungs to the left
atrium of the heart.
Pulmonary Circuit:
• Path that goes _____________________________.
• From right ventricle through the pulmonary trunk-->pulmonary arteries-->lung
capillaries-->pulmonary veins-->left atrium.
• Carries ___________________________ filled blood to lungs for cleaning.
• Returns ________________________________________________.
Systemic Circuit:
• Path from ________________________________________________________
of heart.
• Carries _______________________ blood to the body tissues.
• Returns
___________________________________________________________.
Summary of Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation
•
Click on the Flash Video to enlarge Animation
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/redgold/journey/circulation.swf
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Cross Sectional Area
Cross sectional area of the blood vessels (sum of the cross sectional area of all blood
vessels of one type) has a major effect on blood flow. ___________________________
______________________________________________________________________
__________________________. Velocity of the blood decreases from aorta to arteries
to capillaries and increases in venules and veins. ______________________________
_____________________________________________. Once the blood pressure is
lost in the capillaries it cannot be regained even though CSA of venules and veins
increases.
Please use the graphs above to answer the following questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Which type of blood vessel has the highest blood pressure? ________________
Which type of blood vessels has the lowest blood pressure? ________________
Which type of blood vessel has the highest blood velocity? ________________
Which type of blood vessels has the lowest blood velocity? ________________
Which type of blood vessel has the highest CSA? ________________
Which type of blood vessels has the lowest CSA? ________________
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U9L1 PRACTICE: PULMONARY AND SYSTEMIC
CIRCULATION
1. Label the vessels on the following diagram. (8 marks, 0.5 marks each)
2. The _____________________________ circuit carries blood from the heart to
the lungs and back whereas the ____________________________ circuit caries
blood from the heart to the body and back. (2 marks)
3. Arteries carry blood _____________________________ the heart whereas veins
carry blood __________________________ the heart. (2 marks)
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4. Complete the following table. (19 marks)
Blood Vessel
Carries blood
from…
Carries blood to…
Blood is…
aorta
heart
body
oxygenated
superior vena cava
head/upper body
heart
deoxygenated
inferior vena cava
jugular veins
subclavian arteries
subclavian veins
coronary arteries
coronary veins
pulmonary arteries
pulmonary veins
hepatic artery
hepatic vein
renal arteries
renal veins
hepatic portal vein
mesenteric arteries
iliac arteries
iliac veins
brachial arteries
femoral arteries
femoral veins
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U9L2 NOTES: FETAL CIRCULATION (web notes and video)
Fetal Circulation:
Fetal systems have FOUR features not present in
adult systems:
1. OVAL OPENING
• an opening between the _______________.
• it
is
covered
by
a
____________
____________________ that acts like a valve.
• blood flows directly from the right atrium to the
______________________.
• _____________________________________
____________________, which do not work
yet.
2. ARTERIAL DUCT
• a ______________________ between the Pulmonary Artery and the Aorta.
• Blood
flows
from
the
____________________________
___________________, again allowing blood
to bypassing the lungs.
3. UMBILICAL ARTERY AND VEIN
• Umbilical ____________________________
(Carbon Dioxide and Urea) to the Placenta
from the fetus.
• Umbilical Vein takes nutrients (Oxygen and
Glucose and Amino Acids) to the
______________ from the ____________.
4. VENOUS DUCT
• a connection between the Umbilical Vein and
the Vena Cava.
• blood coming from the __________________
____________________________________
_________________
through
the
venosus
duct
allowing
_________________________________________________________.
YOU SHOULD WATCH THE FETAL CIRCULATION VIDEO
BEFORE PROCEEDING ANY FURTHER!
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U9L2 PRACTICE: FETAL CIRCULATION
1. The umbilical vein carries nutrient-rich and ____________________ blood
from the maternal system/placenta to the fetal heart. (1 mark)
2. The umbilical artery caries waste and _______________________ blood
from the fetal system to the placenta/maternal system. (1 mark)
3. What features allows:
a. fetal blood to pass directly from the right atrium to the left atrium? (1
mark)
b. fetal blood to bypass the lung? (1 mark)
c. fetal blood to bypass the liver? (1 mark)
4. What causes a "blue" baby? (1 mark)
5. Maternal and fetal blood do not mix, yet waste, nutrients, oxygen, carbon
dioxide, drugs and alcohol can all be exchanged between maternal blood and
fetal blood. Please identify the structure that facilitates this exchange. (1
mark)
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U9L3 NOTES: COMPONENTS OF BLOOD (web notes and
video)
1. Plasma: ______________________________
Summary Table of Components of Plasma
NAME
FUNCTION
maintains blood volume,
allows for transport of cells and materials
Water (90%)
Plasma Proteins:
Albumen, Fibrinogen, Globulins
helps maintain osmotic pressure in blood,
transports, blood clotting, infection fighting
Gases:
Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide
for respiration, waste
Nutrients:
A.A. Glucose, Fatty Acids, Glycerol
energy source - raw materials for the body
Salts
regulates osmotic Pressure,
helps in metabolism
Wastes
wastes are produced as
byproducts of cellular reactions
2. Formed Elements: 45% of blood volume that includes:
a. Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)
b. ___________________________ (White Blood Cells)
c. ___________________________ (Platelets)
Summary Table of Formed Elements
FEATURE
RED BLOOD
CELLS
WHITE BLOOD
CELLS
PLATLETS
Variable,
Amoeboid
SHAPE
FUNCTION
Blood Clotting
Bone Marrow and
Lymphoid Tissue
ORIGIN
ALSO CALLED
Thrombocytes
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A Closer Look at Blood
Shape, Function and Origin of Blood Cells
1. Red Blood Cells (RBC) – Erythrocytes
• Live about _____________ days.
• Produced in _______________ Bone Marrow (In skull, ribs, vertebrae,
and long bones.)
• Myeloid stem cells form RBC. These stem cells are called Erythroblasts.
___________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
• Produces about _____________________________________________
• RBC contains a protein called _________________________________.
• Hemoglobin
contains
iron
(gives
blood
its
______________________________).
• Picks up _______________________ in the lungs (cooler blood)
• It combines with oxygen in the lungs and releases it in the
_______________________ tissues.
• Approximately __________________________ hemoglobin molecules in
one RBC.
• If hemoglobin was not packaged up in RBC, ___________________would
leak out of circulatory system.
• RBC allow the blood to remain liquid so the heart does not have to work
as hard.
• Destroyed in the _____________________________________________.
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LUNGS
BODY
Cooler less acidic
Warmer more acidic
Causes Hemoglobin
Causes Hemoglobin
(HG) to pick up oxygen
(HG) to drop off oxygen
2. White Blood Cells - Leukocytes
• Larger than ___________
• They have ______________________ (RBC do not)
• less numerous than RBC (700:1)
• Do not have a definite shape.
• Function: Fights against ______________________
o __________________________________
o __________________________________
3. Platelets - (Thrombocytes)
• Produce _______________________________________.
• Broken fragments of larger cells.
• Very important role in ________________________.
o Blood Clotting - Need three things in blood
i.
__________________________
ii.
__________________________
iii.
__________________________
• Platelets clump at the site of the "____________________" and
__________________________.
• The
platelets
and
the
injured
tissue
together
release
an
___________________ called _____________________.
• Thrombolplastin converts a blood protein (prothrombin) (produced by the
liver) to a new substance called _________________. Calcium is needed for
this to occur. Prothrombin (activator protein) is made up of Potassium. If
potassium
is
missing
from
the
diet,
it
can
cause
_________________________ to occur.
• Thrombin acts as an ___________ and breaks the ends off another blood
protein called _____________. (also produced by the liver)
• Fibrinogen is then converted into __________________.
• Fibrin has sticky ends and forms a _________ or network over the leak.
Blood cells get _____________________________________.
• Fibrin clot is only _____________________. As soon as the blood vessel
repair
is
initiated,
and
enzyme
called
_____________________________________________.
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BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
Blood Types
Blood Group
Proteins on RBC
Surface (Antigen)
A
A
B
B
AB
A AND B
O
NONE
Clumping
Chemicals in
Plasma
(Antibody)
Can Accept
Transfusions
From Group(s)
Identifying Blood Types
Find a "bed-side blood type test" (SeraFoil™ or similar). If you or someone you know
happens to work in a medical setting, see if you can get your hands on one of these
tests. (This is not a required activity)
1.
Dispense one drop of your blood to each field on the test card. Use a sterilized
needle. The fields contain antibodies, which will provoke a reaction with antigens
on your red blood cells.
2.
Use a new toothpick for each field to mix the blood with the impregnation,
creating about a dime-sized smear.
o If you have blood type A, clumping will appear in following fields: anti-A
o If you have blood type B, clumping will appear in following fields: anti-B
o If you have blood type AB, clumping will appear in fields anti-A, anti-B
o If you have blood type O, no clumping will appear.
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Rhesus Factor
Red Blood cells may have another antigen called antigen D. This antigen is known as
the ___________________. This distinguishes blood as being RH+ or RH-. Therefore
there are 8 possible blood types. If mother is RH- and father is RH+ then baby has a
chance of being RH+. This could be a
concern.
RH factor plays a role in childbirth. If
_________ mother is carrying a RH+ baby
then the situation has to be monitored. If the
baby's blood comes in contact with mom's
the antigen D in the baby's blood would be
perceived as foreign and mother's immune
system would try and destroy the baby's
Red blood cell by producing antibody D.
This
is
known
as
___________________________________
_______________.
Mother and child would be fine, but there
may be a problem with the next birth. If
second baby is RH+ then _____________________________ (clumping of the blood)
would occur and the baby will be in trouble. This is why doctors would strongly suggest
mothers not to have more children after the first RH+ baby.
It still has to be monitored today, but ____________________ (an enzyme) can be
injected into Mom, which eliminates antibody D.
YOU SHOULD WATCH THE BLOOD TYPING ACTIVITY VIDEO
AND COMPLETE THE ACTIVTY BEFORE PROCEEDING ANY FURTHER!
REFER TO THE UNIT 9 DROP-DOWN MENU
TO ACCESS THE ACTIVITY AND WORKSHEET.
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U9L3 PRACTICE: COMPONENTS OF BLOOD
1. Compare and contrast the structure and function of red blood cells, white blood
cells and platelets. (6 marks)
2. Describe the 6 key components of plasma. (6 marks)
3. Red blood cells are truly amazing structures:
a. Approximately how many RBC are in 1 mm3 of blood? (1 mark)
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b. Approximately how long does a RBC live for? (1 mark)
c. Approximately how many hemoglobin molecules are found within a single
RBC? (1 mark)
d. What is the function of hemoglobin molecules? (1 mark)
4. Briefly describe the process of clotting. (3 marks)
5. A person who is blood Type A will have Antigen ____ on his/her RBCs' and make
antibodies against Antigen _______. (2 marks)
6. People
who
are
Blood
Type
O
are
considered
"universal
___________________" as they _____________ any antigens on their RBCs
and thus, their blood does not cause another person's immune system to
respond. (2 marks)
7. People
who
are
blood
Type
AB
is
considered
"universal
_____________________" as they have both _____ and ____ antigens on their
RBCs and thus, their immune systems will not attack any other blood that
contains these antigens. (3 marks)
8. If an Rh- mother has an Rh+ fetus (may only occur if father is Rh+) then the
mother may produce antibodies against the fetal blood and this could cause
_____________________________ (clumping) of the blood which is potential
dangerous to the fetus. (1 mark)
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BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
U9L4 NOTES: LYMPHATIC SYSTEM (web notes and video)
1. Takes excess tissue fluid and sends it to the
_________________________________.
The
Lymphatic
System
joins
the
_____________________ at the subclavian veins.
2. Products
of
fat
digestion
are
___________________________________, which
lead to the Lymph Vessels and ________________.
3. Lymph Nodes produce ______________________
(a type of White Blood Cell).
4. Lymph
Nodes
act
as
________________
__________________________________________
(helps to purify the body fluids).
Key Lymph Organs
1. Spleen:
• Largest lump of Lymphatic Tissue.
• Produces _________________________________________________.
• If your blood pressure is high, it stores blood so that _________________
__________________________________
• If your blood pressure is low, it ____________________________
___________________________________, so that blood pressure rises.
2. Thymus Gland:
• Bi-lobed structure which is important in the maturing of some
Lymphocytes.
• Becomes smaller with age.
3. Tonsils and Appendix:
• Also contain Lymphoid Tissue.
• Thought to help remove _______________________________________.
Lymph Structures
1. Lymphatic Tissue:
• Produce ___________________________________________________.
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BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
2. Lymph Vessels:
• Similar to veins, but fluids only travel in one direction. Contain lymph veins
and capillaries, but NO lymph arteries.
3. Lymph Nodes:
• Small oval or round tissues which ____________________________ and
___________________________.
4. Lacteals:
• Blind sacs in villi of Digestive System which ________________
____________________________________.
Infection Fighting - Inflammatory Response
1. Attacks foreign substance (_______________________________). Monocytes
and Neutrophils engulf the bacteria or viruses in ______________________
fashion (Phagocytosis). These WBC are able to __________________ to the site
of the infection through the capillary network. Dead tissue, cells, bacteria, dead
and living neutrophils all together make up _________________.
2. Lymphocytes produce _________________________. Each antibody fights a
specific antigen (foreign protein).
Antigen + Antibody --> Inactive complex.
Antigens are proteins found in the ___________________________________
and it is the type of protein found that determines the type of blood.
Antibodies are proteins that ___________________ unwanted proteins which
results in agglutination.
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BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
U9L4 PRACTICE: LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
1. Describe four main functions of the lymphatic system. (4 marks)
2. Give a function for each part of the lymphatic system listed below. (5 marks)
a. lymph capillaries
b. lymph veins
c. lacteals
d. lymph nodes
e. valves
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U9L5 NOTES: CAPILLARY TISSUE FLUID EXCHANGE (web
notes and video)
_____________ is oxygenated as
it passes through ____________
__________. Oxygen (higher in
concentration in the inhaled air)
___________ through the thin
walled tissues of the lung to
capillaries and into the blood
where
it
________________
____________________ (the iron
containing protein that is part of the
RBC).
A
single
hemoglobin
molecule has _________________
_____________ for oxygen and is
called ______________________
when transporting oxygen.
The blood reaches _____________
____________________________
__________________ where blood
pressure _____________. Nutrients
(products of digestion) and oxygen
____________________________
__________________. The larger
particles in blood stay where they
are because they are too big to get
out.
Because of these large molecules, the blood is said to be ___________________ to the
tissues. As a result, the water from the tissues is drawn back into the
____________________ of the capillary bed. When the fluid returns it carries
__________________________________________________________ with it.
Blood pressure on arteriole side of the capillary bed is ____________________
________________________________ and will try and push substances such as
_________________________________________________________________ out of
blood into the tissues of the body.
Blood pressure on the venule side of capillary is ______________________________
__________________________________________ and therefore wastes such as
______________________________________________________ are forced from the
tissues of the body into the blood.
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BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
U9L5 PRACTICE: CAPILLARY TISSUE FLUID EXCHANGE
1. The diagram below represents a capillary and surrounding tissue cells:
a. Label the arteriole end of capillary, the capillary, the cells, the tissue fluid, and
the venule end of the capillary on the diagram below. (5 marks)
b. Indicate the side of the capillary bed where blood pressure exceeds osmotic
pressure and the side where osmotic pressure exceeds blood pressure. (2
marks)
a. Explain how the conditions inside the capillary bed allow for the exchange of
nutrients and wastes between the capillary and the tissue fluid. (5 marks)
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BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
2. At which location in the circulatory system is blood velocity the slowest? You may
wish to refer back to Lesson 1 of this unit. Please explain why this situation is
beneficial to us. In your opinion, are the capillary beds the most important part of the
circulatory system? Explain (5 marks)
PLEASE REMEMBER:
YOU MUST PERFORM AND SUBMIT THE BLOOD TYPING ACTIVITY
BEFORE THIS UNIT IS COMPLETE! REFER TO THE UNIT 9 DROPDOWN MENU TO ACCESS THE ACTIVITY AND WORKSHEET IF YOU
HAVE NOT DONE SO ALREADY.
~ END OF BIOLOGY 12 UNIT 9 LEARNING GUIDE ~
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BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
UNIT 9 ANSWER KEY
U9L1 PRACTICE: PULMONARY AND SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
1. Label the vessels on the following diagram. (8 marks, 0.5 marks each)
jugular vein
superior
vena cava
inferior
vena cava
renal vein
subclavian
artery
subclavian vein
Coronary vein
renal
renal vein artery
iliac vein
carotid
artery
aorta
coronary artery
aorta
renal artery
femoral artery
2. The _____________________________ circuit carries blood from the heart to the lungs and
back whereas the ____________________________ circuit caries blood from the heart to the
body and back. (2 marks)
3. Arteries carry blood _____________________________ the heart whereas veins carry blood
__________________________ the heart. (2 marks)
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4. Complete the following table. (19 marks)
Blood Vessel
Carries blood
from…
Carries blood to…
Blood is…
aorta
heart
body
oxygenated
superior vena cava
head/upper body
heart
deoxygenated
inferior vena cava
Lower body
Heart/right atrium
deoxygenated
jugular veins
Heart
Head
deoxygenated
subclavian arteries
Heart/aorta
Arms
oxygenated
subclavian veins
Arms
Superior vena
cava/heart
deoxygenated
coronary arteries
Heart chanbers
Heart muscle
oxygenated
coronary veins
Heart muscle
Heart chambers
deoxygenated
pulmonary arteries
Heart/right ventricle
lungs
deoxygenated
pulmonary veins
lungs
Heart/left atrium
oxygenated
hepatic artery
Coeliac artery
liver
oxygenated
hepatic vein
liver
Inferior vena
cava/heart
deoxygenated
renal arteries
aorta
kidneys
oxygenated
renal veins
kidneys
Inferior vena
cava/heart
deoxygenated
hepatic portal vein
Small intestine
liver
oxygenated
mesenteric arteries
aorta
Stomach/intestines
oxygenated
iliac arteries
aorta
Pelvic ragion
oxygenated
iliac veins
Pelvic region
Inferior vena
cava/heart
deoxygenated
brachial arteries
subclavian
Lower arm
oxygenated
femoral arteries
Upper body
legs
oxygenated
femoral veins
legs
Upper body/inferior
vena cava
deoxygenated
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BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
U9L2 PRACTICE: FETAL CIRCULATION
1. The umbilical vein carries nutrient-rich and ____________________ blood from the maternal
system/placenta to the fetal heart. (1 mark)
2. The umbilical artery caries waste and _______________________ blood from the fetal
system to the placenta/maternal system. (1 mark)
3. What features allows:
a. fetal blood to pass directly from the right atrium to the left atrium? (1 mark)
= oval opening (ovale foramen)
b. fetal blood to bypass the lung? (1 mark)
= arterial duct 9ductus arteriosus)
c. fetal blood to bypass the liver? (1 mark)
= venous duct
4. What causes a "blue" baby? (1 mark)
= when oval opening does not close upon birth such that deoxygenated blood from
left atrium is mixing with oxygenated blood from right atrium and is subsequently
pumped throughout the baby's body giving it a bluish tinge from the poorly
oxygenated blood
5. Maternal and fetal blood do not mix, yet waste, nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, drugs and
alcohol can all be exchanged between maternal blood and fetal blood. Please identify the
structure that facilitates this exchange. (1 mark)
= placenta
U9L3 PRACTICE: COMPONENTS OF BLOOD
1. Compare and contrast the structure and function of red blood cells, white blood cells and
platelets. (6 marks)
Red blood cells = biconcave disks lacking a nucleus, transports CO 2 and O 2
bound to hemoglobin
White blood cells = variable in shape, contain nuclei, help fight off infections
Platelets = cell fragments that assist in blood clotting
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BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
2. Describe the 6 key components of plasma. (6 marks)
= ~90 % of plasma = water
= proteins such as albumin for transportation, fibrinogen for clotting and globulins
for fighting infections
= dissolved O 2 and Co 2
= nutrients such as amino acids, simple sugars, glycerol
=salts that help regulate osmotic pressure and metabolism
= cell wastes
3. Red blood cells are truly amazing structures:
a. Approximately how many RBC are in 1 mm3 of blood? (1 mark)
= ~ 5 million
b. Approximately how long does a RBC live for? (1 mark)
= ~ 120 days
c. Approximately how many hemoglobin molecules are found within a single RBC? (1 mark)
= ~ 200 000 000
d. What is the function of hemoglobin molecules? (1 mark)
= to transport O 2 and CO 2 and to bind excess hydrogen ions so that the pH
of blood remains relatively constant
4. Briefly describe the process of clotting. (3 marks)
= injury leads to prothrombin being converted to active thrombin via the
protein, thrombolplastin
= thrombin then converts in active fibrinogen to active fibrin
= Fibrin forms a lattice network that traps blood cells such that they form a
temporary fibrin clot
= once vessel repair occurs, plasmin destroys the fibrin clot
5. A person who is blood Type A will have Antigen ____ on his/her RBCs' and make antibodies
against Antigen _______. (2 marks)
6. People who are Blood Type O are considered "universal ___________________" as they
_____________ any antigens on their RBCs and thus, their blood does not cause another
person's immune system to respond. (2 marks)
7. People who are blood Type AB is considered "universal _____________________" as they have
both _____ and ____ antigens on their RBCs and thus, their immune systems will not attack any
other blood that contains these antigens. (3 marks)
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8. If an Rh- mother has an Rh+ fetus (may only occur if father is Rh+) then the mother may produce
antibodies against the fetal blood and this could cause _____________________________
(clumping) of the blood which is potential dangerous to the fetus. (1 mark)
U9L4 PRACTICE: LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
1. Describe four main functions of the lymphatic system. (4 marks)
= recover excess fluids from tissues to return to circulatory system
= absorption of the building blocks of lipids from lacteals in villi of the small
intestine
= produce lymphocytes (B and T cells of the immune system)
= filter and trap bacteria
2. Give a function for each part of the lymphatic system listed below. (5 marks)
a. lymph capillaries = absorb excess fluids from tissues
b. lymph veins = carries fluid from lymph capillaries to circulatory system
c. lacteals = absorb products of fat digestion
d. lymph nodes = filter pathogens such as bacteria from fluids and produce
lymphocytes
e. valves = prevent fluid within lymoh vessels from flowing back towards the feet
U9L5 PRACTICE: CAPILLARY TISSUE FLUID EXCHANGE
3. The diagram below represents a capillary and surrounding tissue cells:
a. Label the arteriole end of capillary, the capillary, the cells, the tissue fluid, and the venule end
of the capillary on the diagram below. (5 marks)
b. Indicate the side of the capillary bed where blood pressure exceeds osmotic pressure and the
side where osmotic pressure exceeds blood pressure. (2 marks)
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b. Explain how the conditions inside the capillary bed allow for the exchange of nutrients and wastes
between the capillary and the tissue fluid. (5 marks)
= high blood pressure at arteriole end helps force nutrients out while lower blood pressure
at venule end enables uptake of waste
= vessels being 1-2 cell layers thick enables diffusion across vessel walls
= slower blood velocity affords substances time to diffuse across cell walls
= high surface area to volume ratio of capillaries enables more efficient diffusion
4. At which location in the circulatory system is blood velocity the slowest? You may wish to refer back
to Lesson 1 of this unit. Please explain why this situation is beneficial to us. In your opinion, are the
capillary beds the most important part of the circulatory system? Explain (5 marks)
= capillaries
= slower blood velocity affords substances time to diffuse across cell walls
= arteries and veins essential exist to service capillaries, in other words to bring blood to
the capillaries so nutrient and waste exchange can occur with tissue cells, without capillaries
our cells would not be able to get nutrients or get rid of waste yet without arteries and
veins we would not be able to transport these nutrients to and wastes from capillaries so it
is best argued that all are extremely important to the circulatory system and a properly
functioning human body
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