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Download Revolutions of 1848 - Miami Arts Charter School
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Revolutions of 1848 Created by David Silverman The Revolutions of 1848 In July of 1848, a rebellion in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies against King Ferdinand II. It started about 50 revolts across Europe in 4 months. Even though the rebellions were disjointed between nations, they shared two common goals. Dissatisfaction with political leadership An upsurge in nationalism motivated by citizen demands for democracy and liberal reform The Austrian Empire, now under the rule of Emperor Francis Joseph (1848-1916) relied heavily on military force to subdue all forms of liberalism and nationalism. The 1840s were a terrible decade for agriculture and was labeled "hungry forties" The Irish experience the worst of it with the Irish potato famine of 1846 leading to the death of 1 million people. France A Rebellion in France (1848) created a revolution throughout Europe The previous revolution in 1830 brought on very little change. The workers that fought for the changes saw very little and it benefited the rich. The termination of the workshops became known as the "June Days"essentially a violent class struggle in the streets of Paris in which 10,000 people died. The June Days strengthened the moderate Republicans and they felt confident enough to create the French Second Republic. During winter, over 70 banquets were held (meetings usually meant for political conversation) and when a large one was canceled- revolts started in the streets. People revolted until they forced Louis Philippe to flee England. Liberals fought the radicals. The radicals were led by socialist Louis Blanc (1811-1882)- a journalist focused on the need for social and economic change. Blanc's supporters pressured the government to set up national workshops to provide jobs for the unemployed. Outside of Paris the nation was more conservative, but in Paris an election led to a workers' revolt. France (continued) One outcome of the revolution was the election of president Louis Napoleon (1808-1873), a nephew of the Emperor. He was able to capitalize on the appeal of his name and made vague promises to aid workers. After being elected, he created a rather conservative government and by 1851 (during a crisis) he assumed dictatorial powers. Seeking to emulate his famous relative, he made himself Emperor Napoleon III The German States- repercussions from France PRUSSIA Frederick William IV promised reform but didn't deliver. After shots were fired in Berlin, he forced the army out of the city. VIENNA From May-Oct, Vienna was under control of students and workers who demanded freedom of press and an end to censorship. AUSTRIA News of the revolution in France inspired nationalists to break free from the Austrian monarchy. HUNGARY Lajos Kossuth (1802-1894) demanded a constitution that would provide a responsible government. The Emperor needed Russia's help to put down the Hungarian rebellion PRAGUE A similar revolt called for a semi-autonomous Czech home The German States- continued The King initially re-drew the constitution that allowed for personal rights, such as freedom of the press. It also created a two-house legislature. -It was slightly 'watered down' by giving more weight to the votes to those who paid more taxes. At first the emperor did not want any bloodshed and called off his troops to the revolts in the German States- but by November he had them firmly under control. 1848- The Frankfurt Parliament was an effort to unify the German state but it was hampered by political inexperience and the people that gathered just disagreed. A dispute over where to draw the new German borders broke out. Those who favored the Grossedeutsch plan wanted to see all the German lands (including Austrian and Bohemia) united under German rule. Those who favored the Kleindeutsch felt that a more realistic solution was to include only Prussia and the smaller German states. They settled and offered the German Imperial throne to William IV the King of Prussia. He 'didn't want a crown picked up from the gutter' and he declined. The Italian States The first revolt in the Italian states broke out in Sicily, led by Ferdinand II, to grant a liberal constitution. Similar revolts started to break out in Tuscany, Sardinia, and even the Papal States (because the Pope also granted a liberal constitution) In the north, revolts broke out in the Austrian dominated provinces. This led to a call by Italian liberals for a war of unification, with Charles Albert reluctantly taking the banner...only to be defeated by the Austrians. For Italy, the lesson learned was that Italy couldn’t unify under the papacy. They also learned that Italians could not eject Austria from its possessions within Italy without the help of another European power. Russia and Great Britain These two nations avoided the turmoil of the revolutions in 1848 Repression in Russia was so completely under the control of Nicholas I. Great Britain was in the peak of a movement called Chartism Chartism was centered on the belief that the problems of the working class could be changed by the political organization of the government. The People's Charter of 1838: contained 6 points 1) universal male suffrage (some charters also included women) 2) the secret ballot 3) abolition of property requirements for Members of the Parliament 4) payment to Members of the Parliament 5) equal electoral districts 6) annual parliaments with yearly elections Great Britain (continued) April 1848- a mass meeting in London was planned to present the Charter to the House of Commons. If the Charterists didn't have their way, they would turn into a National Assembly. London prepared for violent conflict and sent Queen Victoria out of London for safety reasons. The day people were supposed to gather, there were 200,000 tense people gathered to sign the petition..but everything went peacefully. They thought Great Britain might be on the verge of a revolution but it came later in incremental stages and by the 20th century, 5 of the 6 acts of the Charter were established as part of the British Constitution. References and Resources Resources References Revolutions of 1848 References This PowerPoint presentation was adapted using information from the Princeton Review’s Cracking The AP European History Exam Pearl, Kenneth. Cracking the AP European History Exam, 2016. New York: Random House, 2015. Print.
