Download Geschichte bilingual Q1 (Langenscheid) Glossary of historical terms

Geschichte bilingual Q1 (Langenscheid)
Glossary of historical terms 1848/49
by students of GK bh1
1815: Congress of Vienna
It was held by the allies who had defeated Napoleon and was led by the Austrian
chancellor Klemens von Metternich. Their aim was to calm Europe down and
stabilize peace. Many people also put much hope in the congress as they wanted the
ideas of nationalism and liberalism to come into effect but the hopes were ignored
and the old system of monarchy was restored.
Establishment of Student Societies - Especially stundents belonged to the citizens
who disliked the restored political system and wanted a new system based on
liberty and nationality. To discuss how to liberate Germany they secretly formed
patriotic groups called ''Burschenschaften’'.
German Confederation – Definition & Importance
Definition:
•
Loose association of 39 German states in central Europe -> created by the
Congress of Vienna in 1815 to coordinate the economies of separate germanspeaking countries, to replace the Holy Roman Empire
Importance:
•
Was responsible for the repression of the monarchs and the formation of
the democracy
1817: Wartburg Festival
On 18 October about 500 students met in Wartburg to celebrate the anniversaries
of the Battle of Leipzig (1813) and the Reformation (1517). Many speeches were
delivered which criticised the system and symbols of repression and censorship
were burned.
Yearly Assembly of students (first one organized in 1817)
Initiated by German fraternities (societies of young nationalistic/ liberalistic
men)
Supported the idea of a national state
Reaction to the congress of Vienna
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hopes of nationalistic Germans were disappointed by the restoration of
monarchical principles
Many political speeches with a nationalistic/ liberalistic background were
given
Important event that allowed nationalistic and nationalistic students to share
their thoughts and to defy the state
Lead to the creation of the Carlsbad Decrees
the monarchs feared that the activists would cause German revolution
reintroduction of censorship of the press
supervised universities (no professors were allowed that taught nationalistic/
liberalistic ideologies)
Biedermeier period
•
1815-1848 in central Europe
•
Mostly a term in architecture and historical arts
•
Middle class grew and the arts appealed to the common sensibilities because
of urbanization an industrialization
•
Political stability with the help of Clemens von Metternich, so the artists and
society focused on domestic and non- political issues → blossoming of interior
decoration
•
People of this time are against the idea of liberalism → refuse young
generation and their political activity
Robert Blum
•
Lived from 1807-1848
•
Leading personality of the liberal and the church-related national movement
•
Representative of the National Assembly/ Frankfurt Parliament
•
Democrat, so he wanted a republican constitution
The November Uprising in Poland
 1830-31
 Also called the “Cadet Revolution”
 Unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the Russian rule in the Congress Kingdom of
Poland
 During the revolution in France the polish leader Nicholas I wanted to use the
Polish army to suppress it
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 A society of infantry cadets staged a revolution in Warsaw and managed to
seize part of the city
 All over the rest of the Russian territory, uprisings sympathetic to the Polish
took place
 However, the Russian army invaded Poland and managed to advance towards
Warsaw, the political leaders of the revolution were divided
 It eventually lost its impetus and was thereby ended
Painting: Fighting between Polish insurgents and the Russian cuirassiers on bridge in Warsaw's
Łazienki Park.
Hambach Festival
•
In 1832, 27th May – 1st June
•
Demanded national unification, freedom and people-souvernity
•
Waved flags with the German national colours: black, red and gold
•
Assembly organised by the civilian opposition
•
Used their right to demonstrate
•
Main idea of liberalism and nationalism was spread over “Germany” by the
newspapers
Ten articles
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Measures directly following the Hambacher festival
Restricted political assemblies/ assemblies without permission by the
government
Flags, ribbons, banners with German colours were forbidden
Strict migration laws that prohibited people from countries that supported
national ideas to spread their ideologies in Germany
German Customs Union/Zollverein
- Treaties negotiated and put into force in the years 1833 to 1834
- Has been developed from 1818 on, with the formation of smaller Custom
Unions
- A coalition of the various small German States to manage tariffs and
economic policies
- Prussia was the driving force of the idea, but Austria rejected it and did not
join
- First incident in history in which independent states formed a full economic
union without joining together as a new nation or federation
- Various German and non-German states (such as Sweden and Norway) joined
until 1866
- Traditionally is believed to be the basis of a Unified Germany
- Newer studies object the idea, because Prussia seized much power, which
might have repelled other rulers
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February Revolution in France
- 1848
- overthrew the monarchy oft Louis Philippe
- established the second republic
- on February 22 street fighting began in Paris
- February 23 incident set off the revolution
- government troops fired on the demonstrators
- government guaranteed the right work and established national workshops
- plan was mishandled
- radical demonstrations erupted in march -> turned into peaceful channels
- elections in April gave majority to moderates
- in the middle of May workers attempted to overthrew the newly elected national
assembly
- was quickly put down
- Prince Louis Napoleon was elected president (later Napoleon lll)
- February revolution set off revolutions in most European nations
-movement failed
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Louis-Phillipe I, the last king of the
French
Louis Blanc, one of the two workers'
representatives in the Assembly of the
Second Republic
Preparliament
Definition
The so-called “preparliament” was approvedby princes and rulers of the various
German states, in fear of the popular demands that were made for an elected
representative government and for the unification of Germany,and was convened
from March 31, 1848, until April 4, 1848, in St. Paul's Church in Frankfurt am Main.
The group of delegates, which mainly consisted of constitutional monarchists, had
the task to draft a new constitution.
Basic Rights
Content
For example
•
Right to liberty
•
Right to freedom of movement
•
Right to freedom of thought
•
Right to freedom of religion
•
Right to freedom of expression
•
Right to peacefully assemble
•
Right to freedom of association
Importance
•
Essential for the development of the personality of every individual
•
Preservation of human dignity
•
Guarantee civil liberty in order to sustain peace
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•
Sustain harmony among the citizens
Constitution “from above”:
 A constitution given by a king as in Prussia in January 1850.
Little Germany/ Greater Germany:
 Greater Germany: A German nation state including Austria, Prussia and the
smaller German states.
 Little Germany: A German nation state including only Prussia and some of the
smaller German states.
Ideas of nationalism:
 Cause: to unify the separated kingdoms and create a nation state
 Effect: strong feeling between people of one nation, can lead to excluding of
others
Ideas of liberalism:
 Definition: individual rights and freedom, legal equality, religious toleration,
freedom of speech, freedom of press, have a say in government, minimal
influence of the government, free trade without taxes
 Effect: individual liberty and equality, democracy
Paulkirchenverfassung:
The constitution the members of the first freely elected German parliament in
Frankfurt presented on 28 March 1849. It was meant for Germany as a unified
nation state and liberty and equality were the fundamental rights on which the
constitution was based on.
However this constitution never came into effect, since the parliament lacked
political and financial and the emperor would not agree with the
Paulskirchenverfassung.
October Rising at Vienna (October Revolution) – Outcome & Effect
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•
On 6th October 1848 troops of the Austrian Empire were preparing to leave
Vienna to suppress the Hungarian Revolution
•
a crowd sympathetic to the Hungarian cause tried to prevent them from
leaving
the incident escalated into violent street battles
Outcome:
•
many people were killed
•
the Austrian Minister of War was abused and killed
•
the commander of the Vienna garrison had do evacuate the city but instead
entrenched himself outside
•
The Austrian Parliament was moved to Kremsier
•
Austrian and Croatian armies started a bombardment on Vienna on 26th of
October
•
They stormed the city center on 31st
Effect:
•
The gains of the March Revolution were lost
•
Austria began a phase of reactionary authoritarianism—"neo-absolutism"
Rejection of the crown
On 2 April 1849 a delegation of the National Assembly met with the Prussian King
Fiedrich Wilhelm IV in Berlin to offer him the crown and make from him their
leader.
The King rejected the crown, although he said he was honored, because he actually
felt “deeply” insulted by the crown. He didn’t accept the idea that his legal
government needed the consent of the governed, as he was King “by the grace of
God”.
Also check the terms: ‘Rump Parliament’ and March ‘Revolution’ and ‘Carlsbad
Decrees’
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