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Air Masses Large bodies of air formed when a body of air hangs over a region and takes the temperature and humidity from that region 5 types 1. continental Polar •cold and dry •effects Michigan the most • 2. maritime Tropical • warm and moist • Effects Florida • 3. continental Tropic • warm and dry • 4. maritime Polar • cold and moist • 5. continental Artic • Very cold and dry Diagram FRONTS Boundary between two air masses 4 types: 1. cold 2. warm 3. stationary 4. occluded COLD FRONT • Cold air mass pushes a warm air mass • steep slope • brings thunderstorms or severe weather Cumulonimbus clouds WARM FRONT • Warm air mass pushes a weaker cold air mass • little temperature change • brings steady rain nimbostratus clouds STATIONARY FRONT • When two air masses meet but cannot push each other • steady rain for days OCCLUDED FRONT • A cold front overtakes a warm front • warm air forced up rapidly • LOW pressure • and storms L Causes of wind • 1. Uneven heating of the Earth creates: 2. Differences in air pressure creates: High pressure area and low pressure area All winds blow from a High pressure to a Low pressure 3. CONVECTION CELLS • Warm air rises; cool air sinks 4. CORIOLIS EFFECT • Caused by the rotation of the earth • Earth rotates on the average 750mph – faster at the equator – Causes winds to be deflected to the right in the – Northern Hemisphere WESTERLIES Blows from the west to the east Effects the weather the most in the US TRADE WINDS OR EASTERLIES Blow from the east toward the equator Isobars- line that connect areas of equal air pressure Isobars and relative wind speed • Isobars- line that connect areas of equal air pressure – Close isobars=high wind speed Rules: • Low Pressure System: Increased cloudiness, winds, temperatures, and chance of precipitation. • High Pressure System: Indicates clear, cooler temperatures with reduced chance of precipitation. WHICH HASsky's HIGHER WIND SPEEDS Which stateSTATE has clear (probably )Texas or TEXAS OR MICHIGAN? Michigan? Cumulonimbus clouds -Contain heavy rain, lightning, hail and wind -Possible tornadoes -Associated with a cold front Two of the most important ingredients for thunderstorm formation are instability (unstable air) and moisture. During a thunderstorm, the Earth's surface has a positive charge. Because opposites attract, the negative charge at the bottom of the thunder cloud wants to link up with the positive charge of the Earth's surface. 1. The electricity passes through the air and starts it vibrating. The vibrations cause sound. 2. The lightning is also very hot and heats up the air around it. Hot air expands and the air gets bigger very quickly, and pushes apart the air particles. These vibrations are what you hear and call thunder THUNDERSTORM DOWNBURST Form at the base of a cumulonimbus cloud The formation of tornadoes is the result of warm, moist air meeting cooler, dry air, and creating instability in the atmosphere. Season: spring to mid-summer Strongest wind speeds Ranked on the (Enhanced) Fujita Scale FUJITA SCALE EF-0 65-85 mph EF-1 86-110 mph EF-2 111-135 mph EF-3 136-165 mph EF-4 166-200 mph EF-5 Over 200 mph Cyclone over warm water Pre-existing storm Has an eye – low pressure in the center Has a storm surge Most dangerous part of a hurricane Wall of water near the eye Causes most destruction and loss of life ANDREW-1992 Hurricane season June 1- Nov.30 Tropical Depression Wind speeds between 20 and 34 knots (23-39 mi/hr) Tropical Storm Wind speeds between 35 and 64 knots (40-73 mi/hr) Hurricane (74 mi/hr) Wind speed greater than 64 knots Rotation : Clockwise or Counter clockwise ? Counter clockwise The eye is the center of the storm. The eye wall surrounds the eye. The strongest winds and heaviest rains are found in the eye wall. Rain bands are long, arching bands of clouds and thunderstorms that spiral out from the eye wall. Hurricane season June 1- Nov.30 if it moves over land, thus depriving it of the warm water it needs to power itself, quickly losing strength. ?