Download Final exam Review Sheet - Concord Carlisle High School

Review Sheet: Test – Schools of Thought / Behaviorism / Operant Conditioning
Test will be matching and multiple choice
1. Interesting studies in Psychology – I will ask True/False questions about these
studies.
2. The Yanomamo – why did we learn about them?
3. Watson’s Quote and how it reflects the ideas of Behaviorism
4. The Definition of Psychology
- Empiricism
- What aspect of Psychology is controversial, or debatable as an object of
scientific study?
5. Behaviorism – 3 main ideas
6. Other schools of thought in Psychology
a. Genetics
o how do they do their research?
b. Humanistic
o Self-actualization
o Unconditional vs. conditional positive regard
7. Operant Conditioning
- Definition
- Skinner boxes
- Thorndike – Law of Effect – experiment with cat
- Shaping
- extinction
- Types of Operant Conditioning
o positive reinforcement
o negative reinforcement
o positive punishment
o negative punishment
- Know which type B.F. Skinner thought was the best and why…
- I give you an example, you tell me what type of operant conditioning
- Problems/side effects with the use of punishment – B.F. Skinner
- Guidelines for the effective use of punishment
- James Gilligan’s article on prisons: ideas on prison reform and why needed
- What techniques do casinos use to manipulate behavior?
- Schedules of Reinforcement
o fixed ratio
o variable ratio
o fixed interval
o variable interval
- What is more effective, partial or continuous reinforcement? Why?
- Which schedule out of the 4 schedules is most effective in getting lots of
responses and fast responding?
- Know some of the examples of schedules we talked about in class and which
schedule they demonstrate – for example, slot machines / gambling uses
variable ratio.
Review Sheet: Classical Conditioning
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Definitions of Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivation
o Which is better and why?
§ Deci Study
§ Amibile Creativity Study
§ West Point Study
Classical Conditioning: What is it?
What types of responses that are controlled by Classical Conditioning? How does
this differ from Operant Conditioning?
Unconditioned Stimulus, Unconditioned Response, Conditioned Stimulus,
Conditioned Response
o Be able to identify US, UR, CS, and CR in real life examples
Processes of classical conditioning
o Acquisition
o Extinction
o spontaneous recovery
o generalization
o discrimination
Phobias and how to treat them
o Little Albert
o Exposure therapy
o Systematic Desensitization - Anxiety hierarchy
How do advertisements and commercials use classical conditioning as a method of
persuasion?
o What would the US, UR, CS, and CR be in an advertisement?
How does the IAT work?
What percentage of the U.S. population shows a preference for European Americans?
What percentage of the African American population shows a preference for
European Americans?
Media Images of the African-American Male
Statistics on how African-Americans are depicted on the news
Understand the connection between unconscious prejudice and classical conditioning
Know studies showing that IAT scores predict judgments and behavior
Clark Doll Test
General ideas about improving people’s IAT scores
Study by Dasgupta and Greenwald – positive vs. negative images of European and
African Americans
Review Sheet: Test #3
Note: For all studies, make sure you know exactly how it was set up and exactly what the results
were. KNOW THE PERCENTAGES!!
Diffusion of Responsibility
-­‐ Details of Genovese murder
-­‐ Darley and Latane seizure study
-­‐ Darley and Latane smoke study
-­‐ Social imitation
o The Asch Experiment
o Milgram city street study
o Chartrand and Bargh mimicking study
o Deindividuation
o Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment
§ Observational Learning / Modeling
o The Werther Effect
-­‐ The Beaman Study
Obedience to Authority
-­‐ The Milgram Experiment
-­‐ Studies by Landis and Frank (at end of first obedience reading in Opening Skinner’s Box)
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
- Rosenthal and Jacobson Study
- Steele and Aronson Study – stereotypes and intelligence
Brown Eyes Blue Eyes Study
- Know all details on how the study was set up and what happened…
Stanford Prison Experiment
- Know all details on how the study was set up and what happened…
Be able to connect Brown Eyes Blues Eyes and Stanford Prison Experiment to the Self-Fulfilling
Prophecy
Cognitive Dissonance
- Basics of the following stories:
o Marion Keech and the Sananda Cult
o Audrey Santo
- Situations in which we are most likely to hold onto a belief that has been disproven.
o Hazing study
o $1 vs. $20 lie study
o How American Soldiers were turned to Communism
- The weird and irrational ways that we resolve Cognitive Dissonance
o Connect these to the Sananda Cult and Audrey Santo
Lifton’s Theory of Thought Reform
- Know each of the 8 methods of Thought Reform – I may give examples, for instance, from
Peoples Temple, and you tell me what method…
Test: Addiction and Memory
Addiction
Compensatory Response
- What is it?
- How does it relate to drug overdose? Where do these usually occur and why?
- Procedure and results of Siegal study with rats
o Relate this also to triggers
Disease Model of Addiction – Olds and Milner
- Studies supporting
- The Neuroadaptive Model
o Dopamine depletion model
- Stop and Go systems of the brain
o Parts of brain responsible
o How affected by drug use
o How related to triggers
o How is this related to Phineas Gage?
Alexander’s view of Addiction
- Studies and Statistics that support
- Rat Park studies
o “Seduction” Study (original experiment)
o Already Addicted study
Memory
Information Processing Model
- Capacity and duration of sensory, short term, and long term memory
- Sperling Study – Sensory Memory
Primacy and Recency effects
Chunking
Reconstructive Memory
- Schemas
o Studies that demonstrate
- Post-Event Information
o Studies that demonstrate, including bunny effect
- Lost in the Mall – set-up and results
- George Franklin and Paul Ingram cases
- Repression
- Loftus’s general view of memory and repression; compare to Freud / Penfield
- Van Der Kolk’s theory of repression
- Neisser Study – Challenger explosion memory
Conversion Disorder
Elaborative Rehearsal vs. Maintenance Rehearsal
Declarative vs. Procedural Memory
- And parts of brain responsible
Context Dependent Memory
- Schab Study
Ebbinghaus Curve
- Bahrick Study
Proactive and retroactive Interference
- Jenkins and Dallenbach study
Spacing Effect
Implicit Memory
- Examples and Studies from handout
- Anterograde Amnesia