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Concepts of Neurobiology Introduction The 101st legislature of the U.S. designated 1990 as the “decade of the Brain” with the challenge of studying the biological basis of behavior In keeping with the “neuroscientific revolution,” greater emphasis is placed on the organic basis of mental illness THREE PARTS OF THE BRAIN 1. Forebrain A. Cerebrum Consists of right and left hemisphere connected by a large group of nerves called the corpus callosum. Each hemisphere is divided into four lobes: Frontal lobes Parietal lobes Temporal lobes Occipital lobes B. Diencephalon The diencephalon connects the cerebrum with the lower brain structures Limbic System: “the bagel” or the “emotional brain” Basal Ganglia: decreased dopamine causes E.P.S. Hypothalmus: “the regulator;” pituitary gland Thalmus: integrates all sensory input except smell 2. Midbrain The midbrain, or mesencephalon, is responsible for visual, auditory, and balance (righting) reflexes 3. Hindbrain or Brain stem Pons: regulates respiration and muscle tone Medulla: reg. heart rate, blood pressure Cerebellum: muscle tone and coordination Nerve Tissue CNS: neurons, composed of: Cell body, contains nucleus Axon, transmits message to next cell Dendrites, receives messages from cells Three classes of neurons in CNS Afferent (sensory) Efferent (motor) Interneurons in CNS 1 RNSG 2213 Synapses The synapse is the junction between two neurons Synaptic Cleft: space between neurons Presynaptic neuron: area of axon where neurotransmitters are stored Postsynaptic neuron: area of dendrite where receptor sites are located Electrical impulses begins the process Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic: Dominates in stressful situations, prepares body for fight or flight Parasympathic: Dominates when person is relaxed Neurotransmitters Play an important role in human emotions and behavior Are the target for the mechanism of action for psychotropic medications Summary: Neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft from the axon to the dendrite. The substance is either inactivated or returned to the axon. CATEGORIES OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS 1. Cholinergics Acetylcholine: involved in sleep, arousal, movement, MEMORY 2. Monoamines Norepinephrine: effects mood, cognition, perception, locomotion, CV functioning, sleep and arousal Dopamine: affects movement, coordination, emotions, voluntary judgment, and release of prolactin Serotonin: affects sleep, arousal, libido, appetite, mood, aggression, pain perception, coordination, and judgment Histamine: Not sure of influence on mood 3. Amino Acids Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) functions as an inhibitor neurotransmitter. Has calming effect. 4. Neuropeptides Endorphins and enkephlins, modulates pain and reduces peristalsis. Also called “natural opiates.” Neuroendocrinology Hypothalamus - has direct control over the pituitary gland, the “master gland” All these effect health. Our main concerns are TSH, ACTH, Melatonin Circadian Rhythms - implications in many mental illness as it effects the ability to sleep. RNSG 2213 2