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Botanical Adaptations Botany: the study of plants Botanical: of or relating to plants Part 1 INTRODUCTION to ADAPTATIONS Introduction 1. What is an adaptation? Characteristic that helps organism survive 2. Why adapt? Increase reproductive fitness (# of successful offspring) 3. How adapt? Evolution: Cumulative changes in a population as a result of: • variation in a population (often caused by mutation), • selection for or against the survival of certain individuals in the population • reproduction passing on of the selected characteristic that allowed for survival. Example of Plant Evolution • Variation: Flowers originated as modified/ adapted leaf structures • Selection: Plants with flowers attracted more pollinators • Reproduction: Plants with flowers produced more offspring Part 2 STRUCTURAL ADAPTATIONS Adaptations Structures - Plant Parts: 1. Seeds and Fruits Structure and Function: • seeds contains nutrients, energy and plant parts required for early growth • fruits contain seeds and assist in dispersal Monocot: one cotyledon Dicot: two cotyledons A epicotyl B radicle C cotyledon D seed coat Structures - Plant Parts: 2. Flowers Structure and Function: • Sexually reproductive structures • Allows recombination of gametes (pollen and ovule) to create seeds/ fruits and increase variation. Monocot: parts in multiples of threes (usually) Dicot: parts in multiples of fours or fives (usually) Structures - Plant Parts: 3. Stems Structure and Function: • contains vascular system (tissues) for water and food transport • xylem – takes water up through plant (like veins) • phloem – takes food down through plant (like arteries) Monocot: xylem and phloem in separate bundles Dicot: xylem and phloem organized in rings Structures - Plant Parts: 4. Roots Structure and Function: • absorb water and nutrients • contains vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) Monocot: xylem and phloem arranged in rings (different from their stems) Dicot: xylem and phloem organized in rings (similar to their stems) Structures - Plant Parts: 5. Leaves Structure and Function: • external - stomata (pores) • middle - mesophyll • internal – vascular tissue • photosynthesis and gas exchange Monocot: parallel leaf veins – vascular tissue in bundles Dicot: networked leaf veins (see diagram) Structures - Plant Parts: 6. Modified Structures Structure and Function: • modified leaves – bulbs • modified stems – corms, rhizomes, tubers • modified roots – storage • nutrient, energy and water storage Part 3 PHOTOSYNTHETIC ADAPTATIONS Adaptations Photosynthetic pathways*: 1. What is photosynthesis? • Source of energy sustaining 99% of all life on earth • Conversion of light energy into chemical energy (6CO2 + 6H2O + light => C6H12O6 + 6O2) • Occurs in two sets of reactions: - light-dependent - light-independent * plants vary in how they undergo the light- independent reactions. C3 1. Who does it? • Most plants (dicots) 2. Where in the leaf does it occur? • Mesophyll (mid-leaf cells) 3. What enzyme is used to help the reaction occur? • Rubisco – requires high amounts of CO2 to be efficient 4. When does it work well? • In moderate temperatures • Plants can keep stomata open to take in more CO2 without losing too much H2O C4 1. Who does it? • Many monocots 2. Where in the leaf does it occur? • Bundle sheath (surround plant veins ) 3. What enzyme is used to help the reaction occur? • PEP- does not require high amounts of CO2 to be efficient 4. When does it work well? • In high temperatures and dry conditions • Plants can close stomata to avoid H2O loss and still utilize low concentrations of CO2 Leaf Cross-sections of C3 and C4 Plants: CAM 1. Who does it? • Cactus and Pineapple Families 2. Where in the leaf does it occur? • Mesophyll (at different times night/day) 3. What enzyme is used to help the reaction occur? • PEP 4. When does it work well? • In extreme temperatures • Plants keep stomata closed in day to avoid H2O loss • Plants open stomata at night and CO2 stored for use during the day