Download Biology Semester 1 Review

Biology Semester 1 Review
(2014-2015)
Unit 1 –Book Chapter 1 Characteristics of Life
1. Name and explain the characteristics shared by living things. All living things
grow, reproduce (make more of themselves, either asexually or sexually), have a
metabolism (obtain or make nutrients, use them for energy, release waste)
maintain homeostasis (keep inner conditions at a stable, optimal level, are
composed of cells, respond to stimuli, evolve & adapt ( genetic mutations result in
new traits, if the traits are beneficial in regards to surviving in the environment
they will be passed on generations of offspring.)
2. How can each of the characteristics be observed and tested for? Growth- are there
more? Reproduction- are there more individuals? Metabolism—is a gas given
off or taken in? is waste produced? Homeostasis—measure an internal condition
and see if it stays the same under various circumstances. Cells—can consistent
units be seen under a microscope and does the appropriate stain show a cell
membrane and maybe nucleus? Responds—if you change something around the
substance, does it respond somehow? Evolves—is there evidence of past
generations being different?
3. What are the 6 kingdoms of life? What characteristics define each kingdom?
Plant, Animal, Fungi, Protist, Archaebacteria, Eubacteria.
Plant: multicellular, differentiated cells, autotrophic, does not move from place
to place, eukaryotic
Animal: multicellular, differentiated cells, heterotrophic, moves, eukaryotic
Fungi: multicellular (differentiated) or unicellular, hetertrophic, does not move,
eukaryotic
Protist: if moves, unicellular, heterotrophic and/or autotrophic, eukaryotic
If does not move, multicellular (but with undifferentiated cells),
autotrophic= algae, kelp
4. What are the parts of the light microscope? Diaphragm: adjusts light; coarse knob:
big focusing; fine knob: fine focusing; objective lenses; zoom in at different
levels, located on nose piece; ocular lens: lens that is next to your eye. Stage:
where slide sits.
5. What is correct microscope technique? Slide on stage. Weakest objective lens in
place, center slide, adjust coarse know, adjust fine knob, center specimen, move
up to next lens. Adjust fine and center. Move up, repeat.
6. How is total magnification determined? Ocular magnification X objective
magnification
7. How did we determine if something is living? tEst for life characteristics.
Unit 2—Book Chapter 4 Cells
1. Summarize the differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.
Pro: no nucleus or other organelles; smaller
Euk: nucleus and other organelles; bigger
2. Describe (BOTH ANATOMY AND FUNCTION) the organelles that are found in
a eukaryotic cell.
(nucleus, nucleolus, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi
apparatus, lysosomes, cilia, flagella, centrioles, plasma membrane, cell wall (in plant
cells), central vacuole (in plant cells), chloroplasts (in plant cells).
Nucleus; nuclear membrane/envelope wrapped around DNA. Contains a nucleolus
that makes RNA.
Mitochondira: oval with folds; makes ATP for cell from sugars.
Ribosomes: tiny structures that make proteins
ER: transports proteins or other items around the cell; looks like a squiggly line.
Golgi: packages proteins or other items; looks like a stack of circular membranes.
Lysosomes: litte sacs; contains digestive enzymes to break down recyclable
materials.
Cilia: little hairs for movement or filtration
Flagella: big hair/s for movement
Centrioles: fibrous squares that help with cell division.
Plasma membrane: = cell membrane. Controls what enters and leaves cell.
Central Vacuole: big sac that holds water for plant cells.
Chloroplasts: green ovals that use sunlight and carbon dioxide to make sugars.
3. Describe the differences between an animal cell, plant cell, and bacteria cell.
Animal: nucleus, centrioles, circular
Plant: nucleus, central vacuole, cell wall, squarish
Bacteria/prokaryote: no nucleus, no organelles, (has ribosomes because they are
not organelles) has cell wall.
4. How could we determine the identity (which kingdom) a cell/organism is from?
See answer in unit 1.
Unit 3—Book Chapter 3 Biochemistry
1. How do carbon’s bonding properties contribute to the existence of a wide variety
of biological molecules? Can make maximum # of bonds (4) and makes them
quite easily with itself and other atoms so makes big molecules readily.
2. Compare the structure of monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides.
Mono: 1 sugar unit
Di: 2 sugar units joined together.
Poly: many sugar units joined together in a chain.
3. Name 3 monosaccharides. Glucose, fructose, galactose
4. Name 3 disaccharides and the monosaccharides that make them up. Maltose =
glucose + glucose; Sucrose = glucose + fructose;
Lactose = glucose +
galactose.
5. Name 4 polysaccharides, where they are found, and the function of each
Starch: plants’ way of storing sugars.
Glycogen: animals’ way of storing sugars
Chitin: makes up insects’ exoskeletons
Cellulose: makes up plant cell walls
6. What are monosaccharides used for in living things?
Glucose: universal energy source for cellular respiration.
Fructose: found in the fruits of plants. Tastes sweet to attract eaters.
Galactose: a sugar found in animal milk as part of lactose.
7. Proteins are made of amino acids. Draw an amino acid and label the functional
groups.
8. Draw 2 amino acids bonded by a peptide bond.
9. How do amino acids differ from one another? The R-group, which is group of
atoms connected to the central Carbon of an amino acid.
10. Explain the functions of proteins. Building material of many structures (organs,
muscles, ligament, hair, nails, claws, horns, etc.) act as enzymes, carry Oxygen
(hemoglobin), act a pigments (chlorophyll, melanin), tag invaders (antibodies)
11. Where are proteins found in living things? Muscles, organs, inside cells
12. Describe how the four types of lipids differ in structure from one another.
Triglycerides: one glycerol “head” and 3 fatty acid “tails”
Phospholipids: one head, 2 tails
Wax: one head (maybe) 1 tail
Steroid: 4 fused carbon rings with a tail
13. Why do phospholipids orient in a bilayer when in a watery environment, such as a
cell? There are two layers and the heads of each layer are attracted to the
cytoplasm inside the cell and the extracellular fluid outside of the cell; The tails
end up being on the inside of the membrane because they are not attracted to the
water based solutions (hydrophobic).
14. . Explain the function of each type of lipids.
Triglyceride: store energy long-term for animals; help insulate animals to keep
warm and provide cushion to organs and bone. In plants, they are found in the
seeds as an energy source for sprouting. Remember: animals have saturated
triglycerides which have all straight tails due to all single C-C bonds and are
solids at room temp. Plants have unsaturated triglycerides, which have at least
one bent tail due to at least one double C bond and are liquid at room temp.
Phospholipids: make up cell membranes.
Waxes: protect and prevent water loss
Steroids: act as hormones (messengers) in animals
15. Where is each type of lipid found? Tri: animal fat and plant seeds; phosphor:
cell membranes; waxes; ears, on plant leaves; steroids: animal blood stream, in
animal cells.
16. Compare and contrast condensation/dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis
reactions. DH= units joining with release of water; HYD: units disconnecting
with water required.
17. What are put together in dehydration synthesis reactions to make complex carbs?
Triglycerides? Proteins? Nucleic acids? Sugars; fatty acids and glycerol; amino
acids; nucleotides
18. What substances should be given to someone for quick energy. glucose
19. Why is water not considered an organic molecule? Even though it is not why is
important to living things? No C-C bonds or C-H bonds. It is important because
it is the solvent in cytoplasm. It is also used in many reactions like PS or
Hydrolysis.
20. Explain adhesion and cohesion and their importance.cohesion: water sticking to
water; adhesion: water sticking to other surfaces; Both important because help
water to flow up veins and arteries and move up plant stems.
Unit 4 -- Book Chapter 5
Cell Transport
1. What is the difference between passive and active transport? Passive: substances
move down the gradient; no energy required. Active: substances move up the
gradient ; energy required.
2. What is diffusion? Movement of molecules/atoms/ions/etc. from an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration
3. Is osmosis the same thing as diffusion? Explain. Yes, but it is specifically the
diffusion of water through a membrane.
4. Name and describe 3 types of passive transport. (simple) diffusion, osmosis,
facilitated diffusion
5. What role do transport proteins play in facilitated diffusion? Transport proteins
provide openings for specific ions or molecules to diffuse through the membrane
(channels are for ions and carriers are for molecules).
6. What role do transport proteins play in active transport? They act as pumps to
push specific materials against the gradient.
7. If the concentration of solute molecules outside a cell is lower than the
concentration in the cytoplasm, is the external solution hypotonic, hypertonic, or
isotonic to the cytoplasm? What will happen to the cell in each situation? IF the
solute concentration is lower outside than inside, the outside solution is
hypotonic- water goes in more than out- cell swells. IF the outside solution has a
higher concentration of solute it is described as hypertonic-water goes out more
than in- swell dehydrates; if outside solution is equal in concentration, it is
described as isotonic- water goes in and out equally—cell size stays stable.
8. Name and describe/explain 3 types of active transport. Pumping of small items in
or out of the cell (ions, very small molecules); exocytosis: the wrapping of large
or toxic items in a vesicle that gets moved to the cell membrane and pushed out;
endocytosis: the folding of the membrane around a big item to engulf it.
9. Describe homeostasis of oxygen, carbon dioxide, ATP, and blood glucose.
Oxygen: if O2 gets low we breathe more, if it get too high, breathing rate
decreases.
CO2: If CO2 levels get too high, we breathe more to get it out. If CO2 levels get
too low….nothing happens unless O2 is too high.
Glucose: If levels get too high, insulin is released from the pancreas that tells the
liver to start storing glucose as glycogen. If levels get too low, glycogen is
released from the pancreas that tells the liver to start releasing glucose form
glycogen.
10. Explain how homeostasis in the large intestines is affected by Cholera.
Cholera opens Chloride channels causing Chloride to diffuse into the large
intestine from the cells surrounding the intestine. This causes the inside of the
intestine to become hypertonic which causes water to diffuse out of the cells into
the intestine and it becomes watery= diarrhea.
Unit 5 --Book Chapter 6
Photosynthesis
1. Write the equation for photosynthesis. Discuss the origins of all reactants and
products and the role of each.
Carbon dioxide + water + sun sugar + oxygen
Carbon dioxide diffuses into leaves from the air; water comes into plant through
the roots; sugar comes from the carbon dioxide and hydrogens in the water; and
the oxygen comes from the water.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Carbon dioxide provides carbon and oxygen to make sugar in the dark reactions.
Water provides Hydrogen to make sugar and also the hydorgens provide
electrons to move through an ETC in the light reactions which helps to fuel a
channel that the protons form the hydrogens go through and their motion provides
energy to make ATP that is used to fuel the dark reactions.
In what organelle does photosynthesis take place? Chloroplasts (stroma-dark
reacionts; thylakoids- light)
Explain why both autotrophs and heterotrophs depend on photosynthesis to obtain
the energy they need for life processes. Autotrophs depend on PS directly for their
nutrients. Heterotrophs depend on PS indirectly because they rely on the food
that the autotrophs make for their nutrients.
Describe the role of chlorophylls in the pathways of photosynthesis. Absorb light
energy in a way that it can be used to move electrons off of molecules to start and
electron transport chain.
What gas is given off when water is split? Oxygen gas.
Describe what happens in the light dependent reaction and the light independent
(dark) reaction Light: sunlight pushes electrons off of molecules in chlorophyll.
Water splits into oxygen and hydrogens. The hydrogens split into electrons and
protons. The electrons replace electrons that are moving through the chlorophyll
in an ETC. The protons from the hydrogens build up in the thylakoid. Eventually
the proton diffuse through a channel that uses their movement to make ATP. The
electrons and protons unite and become hydrogen that attached to NADP which
becomes NADPH. The ATP diffuses to stroma to be used in dark reactions. The
NADPH goes to stroma and gives off hydrogens to be used in dark reactions.
Light Independent: Carbon dioxide diffuses into the stroma. It is taken apart in a cycle
of reactions called the Calvin Cycle. The Carbons and oxygens combine with the
hydrogens from NADPH to make glucose. The ATP provides energy for the reactions.
7. Be familiar with the leaf cross section diagram and how each of the parts relate to
the process of photosynthesis. See notes
8. How do gases get into and out of the leaf? How does water availability affect
these processes? Through stomates—unless water is low which causes the
stomates to close to prevent more water loss.
9.
Why do plants need to do both PS and CR? PS makes the sugars, CR breaks them
down to make ATP for cellular energy.
10.
Why is the sun considered the ultimate source of energy for all life forms on
Earth?The sun provides the energy to make the sugars/food that are the base of nearly
every food chain.
11.
Describe a test that would help to determine what type of feeder Cryptococcus
gatti is.Use BTB—see if it gives off oxygen with the present of light or if it always
gives off only CO2.
12.
How does the chemical BTB relate to PS and CR? Turns yellow in the presence
of CO2 which indicates that an organism is doing aerobic cellular respiration. It stays
blue ( or turns blue if yellow) in the presence of O2 which indicates that an organism
is doing PS.
13.
How could you test for whether an organism or organism part does PS, CR or
both? See # 12
Unit 6 Energy -- BookChapter 7
Cellular Respiration
1. Compare and contrast autotrophs and heterotrophs. Autotrophs make their
nutrients; Heterotrophs eat/absorb nutrients from other living or one living things.
2. Describe two types of autotrophs. Photoautotrophs (use PS) and chemoautotrophs
(use inorganic compounds)
3. Write the chemical equation for aerobic cellular respiration discuss all reactants
and products—specifically describe where each atom in each reactant ends up as a
product. Glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + energy (ATP + heat)
Glucose ends up as carbon dioxide and hydrogens in water
Oxygen ends up as part of water.
4. Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic respiration: energy production,
processes involved, similarities, differences, etc.
Aerobic: uses oxygen, cytoplasm and mitochondria. Lots of ATP, glycolysis,
Krebs, and ETC.
Anaerobic: no oxygen, cytoplasm, little ATP, glycolysis & fermentation
5. In what organelle does the Krebs cycle and the ETC take place? mitochondria
6. How many ATP are produced in glycolysis? In the Krebs cycle? In the Electron
transport chain? 2,2,32-36
7. Is cellular respiration more or less efficient than anaerobic respiration? What does
this mean? Aerobic CR is more efficient (it conserves more of the energy
originally held in sugars instead of releasing it as heat) than anaerobic CR. WE
know this because 1 sugar = around 36 ATP compared to only 2 ATP.
21. What are put together in dehydration synthesis reactions to make complex carbs?
Triglycerides? Proteins? Nucleic acids? Sugars; 3 fatty acids + glycerol; amino
acids; nucleotides
22. What substances should a person consume to provide quick energy. Glucose or
other monosacharides
23. Why is water not considered an organic molecule? Even though it is not why is
important to living things? Water is not an organic molecule because it has no CC bonds or C-H bonds. It is important to living things because it is the solvent
found in all cells and extracellular fluid. It is also required for many reactions that
happen in living things including hydrolysis reactions.
24. Explain adhesion and cohesion and their importance. See # 20 in unit 3.
Chapter 7 Cell Reproduction/Division -1. Why is mitosis considered an asexual process? Mitosis does not involve the
combining of any cells or DNA so it is not sexual.
2. Explain the difference between cytokinesis in animal cells and cytokinesis in
plant cells. IN animal cells, telophase and cytokinesis involves the cell membrane
pinching and splitting into 2 cells. In plants, due to the rigid cell wall, a cell wall
(cell plate) is formed to divide a cell into two.
3. Diagram the cell cycle. A circle showing G1 leading to S to G2 to M (PMAT) and
cytokinesis back to G1. G1 should also point outside the cycle to G0 which could
lead back to S.
4. Diagram and explain the phases of mitosis. See notes—go through prophase,
metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
5. Describe all the instances you can think of in someone’s life when cell division
occurs. Periods of growth, healing from injuries, and all of the time if cells are not
working correctly and need to be replaced.
6. Discuss how cell division relates to cancer. Some cells have a mutation in their
DNA (caused by a random copying mistake or an outside source) that causes the
proteins that control cell division to not work correctly. This allows the cell to
enter a state in which it continues to go through the cell cycle and make more
cells even though they are not needed.
7. Why is mitosis important to the people infected with any disease that destroys
cells? Destroyed cells need to be replaced by healthy cells that divide and
mitosis is part of cell division.