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CHAPTER REVIEW
USING VOCABULARY
1. For each pair of terms, explain how the meanings
of the terms differ.
a. virus and viroid
b. oncogene and proto-oncogene
c. capsid and envelope
d. provirus and vector
2. Use the following terms in the same sentence:
virus, lytic cycle, lysogenic cycle, and
bacteriophage.
3. Use each of the following terms in a separate
sentence: prion, prophage, temperate virus, and
bacteriophage.
4. Word Roots and Origins The word virus is
derived from the Greek ios, which means “poison.” Using this information, explain why the
term virus is a good name for these particles.
UNDERSTANDING KEY CONCEPTS
5. Summarize how the structure of viruses was
discovered by Wendell Stanley.
6. Discuss why viruses are not considered living
organisms.
7. Describe three different shapes viruses
can have.
8. Compare replication in DNA viruses to replication
in RNA viruses.
9. Differentiate the lytic cycle of viral replication
from the lysogenic cycle of viral replication in
bacteriophages.
10. Summarize how viruses are thought to have
originated.
19.
CONCEPT MAPPING Use the following
terms to create a concept map that
describes the lytic cycle: viruses, virulent, phage,
injects, DNA, replicates, assemble, protein, and lyse.
CRITICAL THINKING
20. Evaluating Information The drug azidothymidine
(AZT) works by blocking the enzyme reverse
transcriptase. Explain how AZT can help patients
infected with HIV.
21. Applying Information Shingles is a disease
caused by the same herpesvirus that causes
chickenpox. How do you account for the fact
that shingles often appears years after the initial
chickenpox attack?
22. Applying Current Research Based on your knowledge of HIV structure and replication, describe
one way to interrupt the replication of HIV.
23. Applying Information How does the increase
of resistance to antiviral drugs in HIV relate to
the theory of evolution by natural selection?
24. Applying Information Tobacco mosaic virus does
not infect humans, but humans can transmit TMV
from infected plants to healthy plants. What role
do humans play in this mode of transmission?
25. Making Real-Life Connections For viral diseases
without known cures, such as AIDS, certain types
of hepatitis, and Ebola, identify ways in which the
incidence of such diseases can be reduced.
26. Interpreting Graphics Look at the graph below.
Discuss how the sharp jump in the number of
viruses outside the cell corresponds to the
phases of the lytic cycle.
Growth Curve of Viruses
12. Name three vectors of viral diseases that can
spread viruses to humans.
13. Discuss the role of viruses and oncogenes in the
onset of cancer.
14. Describe the structure of HIV.
15. Explain the activity of reverse transcriptase in the
replication cycle of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
16. Summarize how emerging diseases can occur.
17. Discuss three methods humans use to control the
spread of viral diseases.
Number of viruses
outside the cell
11. Describe four diseases caused by viruses that
occur in humans.
Time
18. Describe how viruses, viroids, and prions differ
from one another.
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CHAPTER 24
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
CHAPTER REVIEW
USING KEY TERMS
14. List four diseases caused by bacteria and the
organs that the diseases affect.
1. For each pair of terms, explain how the meanings
of the terms differ.
a. halophile and thermoacidophile
b. phototroph and chemotroph
c. transduction and conjugation
2. Explain the relationship between antibiotics and
antibiotic resistance.
3. Word Roots and Origins The term autotroph
comes from the Greek autos, meaning “self,” and
trophikos, meaning “food.” Using this information, explain why the term autotroph is a good
name for cyanobacteria.
UNDERSTANDING CONCEPTS
4. Identify the method that scientists have used to
investigate how eukaryotes, bacteria, and
archaea are related.
5. List one distinguishing characteristic of each of
the three main groups of archaea.
6. List three common methods that are used to
identify bacteria.
7. State reasons that cyanobacteria are considered
the most self-sufficient organisms in nature.
8. Identify a nitrogen-fixing bacterium commonly
found in the root nodules of legumes.
9. Name one bacterium that produces an antibiotic
that is used in medicine.
10. Label the parts of the bacterium below.
A
B
15. Summarize how antibiotic resistance can develop
in a bacterial population.
16. Relate three things that you can do to prevent
foodborne illness in your home.
17. Identify the metabolic process that bacteria use
to make food products such as pickles, coffee,
and sauerkraut.
18.
CONCEPT MAPPING Create a concept
map that identifes the three main cell
shapes of bacteria and describes the nutritional
modes of bacteria. Include the following terms in
your concept map: prokaryotes, bacilli, cocci,
spirilla, chemotrophic, heterotrophic, endotoxin,
exotoxin, Gram-negative, and Gram-positive.
CRITICAL THINKING
19. Applying Information Scientists have only
recently discovered fossilized prokaryotes.
Explain why these fossils may have taken so long
to discover.
20. Predicting Results Clostridium perfringens, the
soil-dwelling bacterium that causes gas gangrene,
is an obligate anaerobe. Using this information,
predict which would be more likely to become
infected with C. perfringens: a deep puncture
wound or a surface cut. Explain the reason for
your inference.
21. Recognizing Relationships Penicillin works by
interfering with the ability of bacteria to polymerize the peptidoglycan cell wall. Given this fact,
explain why Gram-positive bacteria are more susceptible to the effects of penicillin than Gramnegative bacteria are.
22. Analyzing Graphics Examine the photograph
below, which shows bacteria that have been
treated with a Gram stain. Would you hypothesize that these bacteria produce endotoxins?
Explain your answer.
D
C
11. Summarize how chemoautotrophs get carbon and
energy from their environment.
12. Name the term used to describe bacteria that can
live in the presence or absence of oxygen.
13. Describe one way that bacteria can exchange
genetic information.
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CHAPTER 23
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Standardized Test Preparation
DIRECTIONS: Choose the letter of the answer choice
that best answers the question.
1. What are viruses made of?
A. enzymes and fats
B. carbohydrates and ATP
C. protein and nucleic acids
D. mitochondria and lysosomes
2. How do viroids differ from viruses?
F. Viroids are larger in size.
G. Viroids do not have a capsid.
H. Viroids do not have nucleic acids.
J. Viroids can cause disease in plants.
DIRECTIONS: Complete the following analogy.
7. skin : person :: capsid :
A. virus
B. insect
C. fungus
D. bacterium
INTERPRETING GRAPHICS: The figure below represents the human immunodeficiency virus. Use the
figure to answer the question that follows.
3. During which of the following processes does a
phage kill its host?
A. conjugation
B. transcription
C. the lytic cycle
D. the lysogenic cycle
4. Which of the following is one reason why viruses
are not considered living organisms?
F. Viruses are able to grow.
G. Viruses do not metabolize.
H. Viruses can reproduce by splitting.
J. Viruses are too small to be easily observed.
INTERPRETING GRAPHICS: Study the figure below
to answer the following questions.
X
Y
8. The structure labeled Y represents which of the
following?
F. capsid
G. envelope
H. RNA genome
J. reverse transcriptase
SHORT RESPONSE
Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme that catalyzes the
synthesis of DNA from RNA.
Explain why retroviruses must have reverse transcriptase to replicate.
EXTENDED RESPONSE
5. Which of the following does the diagram
represent?
A. a virus
B. a prion
C. a viroid
D. a bacterium
6. To which of the following is label X pointing?
F. envelope
G. nucleic acid
H. protein coat
J. cell membrane
Viruses share several characteristics of living organisms. However, viruses are not considered
to be living.
Part A Compare the characteristics viruses share
with living organisms to the characteristics
they do not share with living organisms.
Part B Would you anticipate more or fewer emerging
viral diseases to appear in the future? Explain.
When using a diagram to
answer questions, carefully study each part of the
figure as well as any lines or labels used to indicate
parts of the figure.
VIRUSES
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
497
Standardized Test Preparation
DIRECTIONS: Choose the letter of the answer choice
that best answers the question.
1. How do bacteria produce yogurt from milk?
A. by conjugation
B. by fermentation
C. by nitrogen fixation
D. by aerobic respiration
2. What are rod-shaped bacteria called?
F. cocci
G. bacilli
H. spirilla
J. halophiles
3. What are thermoacidophiles?
A. bacteria
B. archaea
C. spirochetes
D. cyanobacteria
DIRECTIONS: Complete the following analogy.
7. obligate aerobe : oxygen :: obligate anaerobe :
A. low pH
B. absence of oxygen
C. presence of methane
D. high salt concentration
INTERPRETING GRAPHICS: The image below shows
different shapes in bacteria. Use the image to answer
the questions that follow.
Organism A
4. Genetic recombination in bacteria can occur
during which process?
F. conjugation
G. binary fission
H. heterocyst formation
J. endospore production
INTERPRETING GRAPHICS: The table below lists the
response of a bacterium to several antibiotics. A
score of 0 means not sensitive, and sensitivity
increases as the score increases. Use the table to
answer the questions that follow.
Antibiotic
Sensitivity
Ampicillin
3
Bacitracin
0
Cephalosporin
0
Penicillin
0
Rifampin
0
Streptomycin
3
Tetracycline
2
5. Which of the following antibiotics killed the
bacteria most effectively?
A. penicillin
B. bacitracin
C. tetracycline
D. streptomycin
6. Which of the following antibiotics had no effect
on the bacterium?
F. ampicillin
G. tetracycline
H. streptomycin
J. cephalosporin
Organism B
Organism C
8. What shape is represented by organism C?
F. coccus
G. bacillus
H. spirillum
J. filamentous
9. You would expect the members of the bacterial
genus Bacillus to be what type of shape?
A. rod shaped
B. spiral shaped
C. square shaped
D. sphere shaped
SHORT RESPONSE
The Gram stain is used to distinguish bacteria based
on a certain physiological difference between the
bacteria.
Describe the color of Gram-positive and Gramnegative bacteria when they are treated with the
Gram stain.
EXTENDED RESPONSE
Species of the symbiotic bacterial genus Rhizobium
live within the root nodules of legumes, such as soybeans and peanuts. Some farmers take advantage of
the nitrogen-fixing abilities of these species when
they rotate their crops every few years and grow
legumes instead of their normal food crops.
Part A Define nitrogen fixation.
Part B Explain the benefits of crop rotation on
the soil.
When asked to complete an
analogy, focus on the completed pair of terms provided. Identify the relationship that exists between
the two terms; then, find the answer choice that has
the same relationship with the third term provided.
BACTERIA
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479