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OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 06: Learning Chapter 06: Learning * = Correct answer Multiple Choice 1. Dave’s boss told him that he doesn’t have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave’s boss is using ________. A. negative punishment *B. negative reinforcement C. positive punishment D. positive reinforcement Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.3, 2.1 2. If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________. A. decreases B. depends on the CS-UCS relationship *C. increases D. is not affected Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 2.1 3. In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________. A. conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response B. neutral response and a conditioned response C. neutral stimulus and a neutral response *D. neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 2.1 4. Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A. fixed interval B. fixed ratio *C. variable interval D. variable ratio Page 1 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 06: Learning Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.3, 2.1 5. To maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule. *A. CS + UCS; continuous B. CS + UCS; intermittent C. UCS alone; continuous D. UCS alone; intermittent Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.2, 2.1 6. You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5–20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A. fixed interval B. fixed ratio *C. variable interval D. variable ratio Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.3, 2.1 7. What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons? A. conditions *B. instincts C. operants D. reflexes Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 2.1 8. What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience? A. conditioning B. instincts *C. learning D. reflexes Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.1 Page 2 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 06: Learning 9. Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning. *A. associational B. instinctive C. processual D. reflexive Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.2, 2.1 10. Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events? *A. classical conditioning B. controlled conditioning C. physiological conditioning D. psychic conditioning Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.2, 2.1 11. In ________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus. *A. higher order B. initial C. primary D. secondary Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.2, 2.1 12. In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. *A. acquisition B. conditioning C. extinction D. neutral stimulate Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.2, 2.1 13. Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus? Page 3 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 06: Learning A. acquisition *B. extinction C. recovery D. reflex Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.2, 2.1 14. ________ is known for using Little Albert in his studies on human emotion. A. B. F. Skinner B. Edward Thorndike C. Ivan Pavlov *D. John B. Watson Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.2 15. In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior? A. acquisition B. extinction *C. punishment D. recovery Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.2, 2.1 16. Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior? A. acquisition B. learning C. reinforcement *D. shaping Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.2, 2.1 17. ________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities. A. classical B. operant *C. primary D. secondary Page 4 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 06: Learning Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.2, 2.1 18. When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement. *A. continuous B. partial C. primary D. secondary Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.2, 2.1 19. Who experimented with rats to demonstrate that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement? A. B. F. Skinner *B. Edward C. Tolman C. Ivan Pavlov D. John B. Watson Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.2 20. Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning. A. conditioned *B. latent C. partial D. primary Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.2, 2.1 21. Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning. A. latent *B. observational C. Pavlovian D. vicarious Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.2, 2.1 Page 5 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 06: Learning 22. Which process involves observing a model being punished and then becoming less likely to imitate the model’s behavior? A. latent acquisition B. latent punishment *C. vicarious punishment D. vicarious reinforcement Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.2, 2.1 23. In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed. A. continuous *B. partial C. primary D. secondary Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.2, 2.1 24. In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior. *A. negative reinforcement B. positive reinforcement C. punishment D. punishment reinforcement Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.2, 2.1 25. Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior? *A. baby seeking food by rooting and suckling B. believing that nudity is wrong C. teacher demonstrating algebra to students D. toddler who is toilet training Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 2.1 Page 6 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 06: Learning 26. Which of the following is an example of a reflex: an unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment? A. becoming angry at your friend for raising his voice B. becoming bored at a wedding C. sitting very still in the classroom *D. the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.3, 2.1 27. Julian watches his grandfather repair watches. As Julian matures he imitates what his grandfather does, and then his grandfather shows him more complicated techniques. Eventually, Julian is as proficient at repairing watches as his grandfather. This exemplifies ________. A. instinct *B. learning C. reflex D. stimulus Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 1.3, 2.1 28. Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this? A. classical B. conditioning *C. observational D. operant Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.3, 2.1 29. In ________ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response. *A. classical B. operant C. response D. stimulus Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 2.1 Page 7 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 06: Learning 30. Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________. *A. conditioned response B. conditioned stimulus C. unconditioned response D. unconditioned stimulus Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 1.3, 2.1 31. Kieran is attempting to condition a parrot to greet him when he enters the room. He repeatedly pairs his entry to the room with a treat for the parrot. Kieran can say that ________ has occurred as soon as the parrot greets him in response to his entry. *A. acquisition B. extinction C. secondary conditioning D. stimulation Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 1.3, 2.1 32. Dimitri and Rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a ________, and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immediately feels ill. *A. taste aversion B. taste response C. unconditioned aversion D. unconditioned response Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 1.3, 2.1 33. Mia is taught to go to sleep when the light is turned off. However, for many months Mia no longer falls asleep when the light is turned off. Later, Mia begins to fall asleep when the light is turned off again. This is an example of ________. A. classical conditioning B. higher order conditioning C. neutral stimulus *D. spontaneous recovery Page 8 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 06: Learning Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 1.3, 2.1 34. If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________. A. conditioned response *B. stimulus discrimination C. stimulus generalization D. unconditioned response Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 2.1 35. Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother’s pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________. A. conditioning *B. instincts C. learning D. reflexes Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 2.1 36. Which of the following is an example of observational learning? A. learning to speak Spanish by attending Spanish class *B. teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park C. your brother refusing to play with you D. your father teaching you how to write by holding your hand as you form the letters Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 1.3, 2.1 37. Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________. A. imitation B. modeling C. stimulus discrimination Page 9 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 06: Learning *D. stimulus generalization Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 1.3, 2.1 38. Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________. A. acquisition B. conditioning *C. extinction D. learning Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 1.3, 2.1 39. Which of the following is an example of stimulus generalization? A. being conditioned not to laugh at hats B. being conditioned to laugh at all kinds of hats C. being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat and cry when you see other kinds of hats *D. being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 2.1 40. Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidently touch a hot stove are both examples of ________. A. associations B. instincts C. learning *D. reflexes Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 2.1 41. In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus). Page 10 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 06: Learning A. conditioned response B. conditioned stimulus *C. unconditioned response D. unconditioned stimulus Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 2.1 42. Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning? A. when a cat and a dog share the same water bowl B. when a cat learns to drool at the sound of a can opener *C. when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior D. when a dog refuses to play dead Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 2.1 43. Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination? A. conditioned to associate a bell ringing with food, drooling when the bell rings B. conditioned to drool only when food is paired with a bell *C. conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle D. conditioned to tell the difference between the sound of the bell and the taste of the food Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 2.1 44. Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this? *A. continuous B. partial C. primary D. secondary Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 1.3, 2.1 45. Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this? *A. fixed interval B. fixed ratio C. variable interval D. variable ratio Page 11 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 06: Learning Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 1.3, 2.1 46. John wants to train his daughter to excuse herself before she leaves the table. Although he does not know how often he will reward her for excusing herself, he does know that he will not reward her every time she excuses herself. Which reinforcement schedule is John planning to use? A. continuous *B. partial C. primary D. secondary Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 1.3, 2.1 47. Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A. fixed interval *B. fixed ratio C. variable interval D. variable ratio Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 1.3, 2.1 48. Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule? A. checking your e-mail at random times throughout the day instead of every time you hear the new e-mail notification B. feeding your fish every day at 8 a.m. *C. knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart D. playing the slot machine Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 1.3, 2.1 49. Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning. *A. Edward C. Tolman B. Ivan Pavlov C. Little Albert Page 12 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 06: Learning D. Rosalie Rayner Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.1 50. Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, Francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, tongue clicking is a(n) ________. A. conditioned response *B. conditioned stimulus C. unconditioned response D. unconditioned stimulus Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 1.3, 2.1 51. Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule? A. fixed interval B. fixed ratio C. variable interval *D. variable ratio Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 1.3, 2.1 52. Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light. *A. cognitive map B. fixed interval map C. fixed ratio map D. latent map Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.3, 2.1 53. Which of the following is an example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule? A. Julie knows she will get a trampoline if she accumulates enough allowance money B. Nikita takes her dog for a walk every day at 8 a.m. C. Viviane plays scratch-off lottery tickets *D. Winona checks her cellphone at random times throughout the day instead of every time she hears the voicemail notification Page 13 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 06: Learning Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 1.3, 2.1 54. Ron is taught to use a special numbers trick to check his final answer, but he does not demonstrate this skill until his end-of-the-year math test. This is an example of ________. A. cognitive mapping B. conditioning *C. latent learning D. reinforcement Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 1.3, 2.1 55. Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle’s father is a ________. A. cognition *B. model C. response D. stimulus Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 1.3, 2.1 56. Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment? A. Belinda saw Mavis receive a hug for cleaning his room. She is careful to clean her room because she saw Mavis get a reward for doing it. *B. Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots. C. Job wants to avoid being fired, so he follows the shop rules and does not smoke in the bathroom. D. Laurie wants to receive a smiley sticker and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she behaves herself. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 1.3, 2.1 57. Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule? A. checking your Facebook account at random times throughout the day B. playing basketball with your friends after completing your chores C. playing poker *D. taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m. Page 14 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 06: Learning Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 1.3, 2.1 58. Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement? *A. Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it. B. Lana wants to receive a candy bar and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she earns enough good behavior tokens. C. Park wants to avoid detention, so he follows the school rules and does not smoke on the playground. D. Ryan observes Cameron getting a time out for spitting out her toast. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his toast. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 1.3, 2.1 59. Which of the following is an example of latent learning? A. a rabbit knowing to run away from an unleashed dog B. earning tokens for good behavior and spending the tokens on good behavior prizes C. learning karate from your best friend who takes karate lessons *D. remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 1.3, 2.1 60. Which of the following is an example of a variable ratio reinforcement schedule? A. Bill traveling to Myrtle Beach for vacation every June B. Jeremy checking YouTube every morning before work *C. Joyce playing scratch-off lottery tickets D. Nikita taking her dog to the vet once a year Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 1.3, 2.1 61. Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this? A. classical conditioning B. imitation C. modeling Page 15 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 06: Learning *D. operant conditioning Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 1.3, 2.1 62. What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert? A. boys display fear differently from girls B. boys display more fear than girls *C. emotion can be a conditioned response D. fear cannot be a conditioned response Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.2, 2.1 63. Which statement about Edward C. Tolman is incorrect? A. He disagreed with John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner. *B. He found that emotions can be a conditioned response. C. He placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze. D. His experiments demonstrated that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.2 64. What is the main idea of social learning theory? A. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. B. Fear is a conditioned response. C. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. *D. One can learn new behaviors by observing others. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.1 65. What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In Social Learning Theory, B. F. Skinner identified three types of models: live, verbal, and symbolic. *A. The name “B. F. Skinner” should be changed to “Albert Bandura.” B. The word “models” should be changed to the word “reinforcers.” C. The words “live, verbal, and symbolic” should be changed to the words “primary, secondary, and tertiary.” D. The words “social learning theory” should be changed to the words “classical conditioning.” Page 16 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 06: Learning Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.1 66. Which statement about B. F. Skinner is correct? *A. He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated. B. He placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze. C. He worked with Edward C. Tolman to prove that fear is both an instinct and a reflex. D. His experiments demonstrated that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.2, 2.1 67. Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning? A. blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long he takes to find a button hidden in a room B. determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if he is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting *C. knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student D. rewarding a boy for finishing his vegetables with ice cream and counting how many nights of reinforcement are required before he voluntarily eats his vegetables Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.2, 2.1 68. If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________. A. after dreaming about having a fight with their parents B. after dreaming they were on television C. after seeing a television character being punished for taking violent action against another character *D. after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.5 69. What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov’s experiment with dogs? Page 17 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 06: Learning A. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. B. Fear is a conditioned response. *C. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. D. One can learn new behaviors by observing others. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.2, 2.1 70. What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In classical conditioning, the initial period of learning is known as latent. A. The word “classical” should be changed to the word “operant.” B. The word “conditioning” should be changed to the word “behaviorism.” C. The word “initial” should be changed to the word “interval.” *D. The word “latent” should be changed to the word “acquisition.” Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.2, 2.1 71. Which of the following is false about John B. Watson? *A. He is considered the founder of behaviorism. B. He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated. C. He placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze. D. He worked with Edward C. Tolman to prove that fear is both an instinct and a reflex. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.2 72. Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning? A. blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long it takes him to estimate the size of a room B. determining how long it takes someone to learn how to fish if he is only allowed to watch other people fishing C. pairing a puff of air to the eye with seeing the color red in order to find out how many repetitions it will take for someone to blink when he sees the color red *D. rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.2, 2.1 Page 18 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 06: Learning 73. What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Spontaneous acquisition is the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response. *A. The word “acquisition” should be changed to the word “recovery.” B. The word “extinguished” should be changed to the word “acquired.” C. The word “response” should be changed to the word “stimulus.” D. The word “spontaneous” should be changed to the word “planned.” Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.2, 2.1 74. What is the main idea of operant conditioning? *A. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. B. Fear is a conditioned response. C. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. D. One can learn new behaviors by observing others. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.2, 2.1 75. According to Albert Bandura, ________. A. Fear is a conditioned response. *B. Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say. C. Learning is the result of reinforcing desired behavior at fixed intervals. D. Organisms cannot learn if they do not receive immediate reinforcement. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.2, 2.1 76. Which of the following experiments involves the use of social learning theory? A. blindfolding someone and timing her to see how long it takes her to determine what she is eating *B. determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting C. pairing a puff of air to the eye with a handshake to see how long it will take someone to blink before offering her hand D. rewarding a girl for finishing her homework with ice cream and counting how much homework she will complete before becoming sick of ice cream Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.2, 2.1, 2.4 Page 19 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 06: Learning 77. What is the primary conclusion John B. Watson’s made after working with Little Albert? A. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. *B. Emotions can be a conditioned response. C. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. D. One can learn new behaviors by observing others. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.2, 2.1, 2.4 78. Identify the major flaw with John B. Watson’s Little Albert experiment. *A. It is unethical for a researcher to induce fear in a child, since it is harmful to induce fear. B. John B. Watson did not have the consent of Little Albert’s mother. C. John B. Watson falsified most of his data. D. Little Albert was much older than John B. Watson reported him to be, which invalidated the study. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.2, 2.1, 3.1 79. What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In operant conditioning, organisms learn to associate events that repeatedly happen together. A. The word “conditioning” should be changed to the word “reinforcement.” *B. The word “operant” should be changed to the word “classical.” C. The word “repeatedly” should be changed to the word “never.” D. The word “repeatedly” should be changed to the word “rarely.” Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.2, 2.1 80. Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is true? A. He is considered the founder of behaviorism. B. He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated. *C. He is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning. D. He placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.2 Short Answer Page 20 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 06: Learning 81. Identify two ways in which instincts are different from reflexes. Sample Answer: Reflexes are a motor or neural reaction to a specific stimulus in the environment. Instincts are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events. Reflexes are simpler than instincts; instincts involve the organism as a whole while reflexes do not. Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 2.1, 4.1 82. Name the four reinforcement schedules. Sample Answer: The four reinforcement schedules are fixed interval, variable interval, fixed ratio, and variable ratio. Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.2, 2.1, 4.1 83. List the steps of the modeling process in the order in which they occur. Sample Answer: First, you must be focused on what the model is doing—you have to pay attention. Next, you must be able to retain, or remember, what you observed; this is retention. Then, you must be able to perform the behavior that you observed and committed to memory; this is reproduction. Finally, you must have motivation. Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.2, 2.1, 4.1 84. Name the four means of modifying behavior discussed in operant conditioning. Sample Answer: The four means of modifying behavior are negative reinforcement, positive reinforcement, negative punishment, and positive punishment. Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.2, 2.1, 4.1 85. Identify and describe the two kinds of responses and two kinds of stimuli that are key to classical conditioning. Sample Answer: The conditioned response (CR) is caused by the conditioned stimulus. The conditioned stimulus (CS) elicits a response due to it being paired with an unconditioned stimulus. The unconditioned response (UCR) is the natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus. The unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is the stimulus that elicits a reflexive response. Difficulty: Easy Page 21 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 06: Learning APA Standard: 1.2, 2.1, 4.1 86. Mateo has a dog named Princess Sparklewhiskers. Mateo uses classical conditioning to train Princess Sparklewhiskers to run to the door every time he gets the dog leash. How can he use higher order conditioning to condition another stimulus? Sample Answer: He can pair the conditioned stimulus (getting the dog leash), which results in Princess Sparklewhiskers running to the door, with a second unconditioned stimulus, such as clapping his hands. Eventually, Princess Sparklewhiskers will run to the door when he claps his hands, even when he does not have the dog leash. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 3.3. 4.1 87. Explain how you can use vicarious reinforcement and vicarious punishment to teach Adele how to share her stuffed bunny. Sample Answer: First, have Adele watch two children playing with a stuffed bunny. Then, offer positive reinforcement, such as praise, to the child who is sharing her bunny. If the child won’t share her bunny, then negative punishment can be used to discourage that child. Adele should then have learned to share her stuffed bunny. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 4.1 88. Provide a real world example of how a video game can have prosocial and antisocial effects. Sample Answer: If a video game shows characters engaging in violent behavior, the viewer/player may model this behavior and behave aggressively after watching the game. If a video game emphasizes and rewards cooperative problem solving, the viewer/player may likewise model cooperative problem solving in real life. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.3, 2.5, 4.1 89. Explain the conditioning approach to behavior modification. Sample Answer: An unconditioned stimulus (e.g., food) is paired with a neutral stimulus (e.g., a bell). The neutral stimulus eventually becomes the conditioned stimulus, which brings about the conditioned response (e.g., salivation). The stimulus occurs immediately before the response. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 2.1, 4.1 90. Define latent learning and provide a real life example. Page 22 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 06: Learning Sample Answer: Latent learning is learning that occurs, but may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it. For example, I read my son the same bedtime story every night. When we are stuck at a doctor’s office without the book, I realize I have memorized the story without knowing it and can recite it for him without having the book in front of me. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 4.1 91. Explain the difference between a fixed interval reinforcement schedule and a fixed ratio reinforcement schedule. Sample Answer: When using a fixed interval reinforcement schedule, behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time. When using a fixed ratio reinforcement schedule, a predetermined number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded. The difference is when the reward occurs: after a specific time period versus after a certain number of responses. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 2.1, 4.1 92. What did the results of the Little Albert experiment indicate about human response? Sample Answer: John B. Watson succeeded in conditioning a fear response in Little Albert, thus demonstrating that emotions can become conditioned responses. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 4.1 93. Cooper trains his boyfriend Patrick to avoid eating cake every day by squirting him with a water pistol every time he sees Patrick moving toward a cake. Eventually, Patrick avoids cakes altogether. In this example, identify the UCR, UCS, CS, and the CR. Sample Answer: The UCR is the desire to eat cake. The UCS is squirting Patrick with a water pistol. The CS is present when Patrick associates cake with being squirted by a water pistol. The CR is avoiding cake. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 2.1, 4.1 94. Explain the operant conditioning approach to behavior modification. Sample Answer: The stimulus (either reinforcement or punishment) occurs soon after the response. The target behavior is followed by reinforcement or punishment to either strengthen or weaken the behavior, so that the learner is more likely to exhibit the desired behavior in the future. Difficulty: Moderate Page 23 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 06: Learning APA Standard: 1.2, 2.1, 4.1 95. Explain the difference between a variable interval reinforcement schedule and a variable ratio reinforcement schedule. Sample Answer: With a variable interval reinforcement schedule, behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed. With a variable ratio reinforcement schedule, behavior is rewarded after an unpredictable number of responses. The difference is when a reward is given: after an unpredictable amount of time versus after an unpredictable amount of responses have occurred. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 2.1, 4.1 96. How can an alcoholic use the principle of taste aversion to stop drinking? Sample Answer: Taste aversion is a type of conditioning in which an interval of several hours may pass between the conditioned stimulus (something ingested) and the unconditioned stimulus (nausea or illness). Alcoholics who wish to use taste aversion could take an emetic that will cause vomiting only if alcohol is ingested. If they ingest alcohol they will throw up and gradually come to associate the taste of alcohol with nausea and avoid alcohol in the future. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.3, 3.3, 4.1 97. Kim trains himself to wake up every day at 7:00 a.m. using the principles of classical conditioning. After years of waking up every day at 7:00 a.m. he suddenly stops for a few weeks. Then, for no reason, he finds that he is again able to wake up at 7:00 a.m. every day. How would someone familiar with classical conditioning explain this? Sample Answer: Kim experienced extinction: The decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus. Then, he experienced spontaneous recovery: The return of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a rest period. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 4.1 98. Patricia uses the principles of operant conditioning to train her girlfriend Catherine to make jokes by laughing at every joke Catherine makes, even when the jokes aren’t funny. Can you explain how Patricia used operant conditioning? Sample Answer: The reinforcement of laughing occurs soon after Catherine’s response of telling a joke. The target behavior (telling jokes) is followed by positive reinforcement (laughter) to strengthen it, so that Catherine is more likely to tell jokes over time. Page 24 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 06: Learning Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 2.1, 4.1 99. From an ethical standpoint, compare the Little Albert Experiment to Ivan Pavlov’s experiments with dogs. Sample Answer: Ethically, there are no major issues with Ivan Pavlov’s experiments because he caused the dogs no immediate or lasting harm. The Little Albert experiment resulted in immediate harm to Little Albert because the experiment induced a phobia. Therefore, the Little Albert experiment was ethically questionable. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1 100. Provide a real world example of negative punishment. Sample Answer: a two-year-old child hits his mother, so his mother takes away his favorite toy. Taking away the toy is the negative punishment. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.3, 2.1, 3.3, 4.1 101. Provide a real world example of positive punishment. Sample Answer: You are in a hurry so you run a red light. A police officer sees you and writes you a ticket. The ticket is the positive punishment. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.3, 2.1, 4.1 102. How did the Little Albert experiment, which showed that fear can be a conditioned response, demonstrate that emotions can be a conditioned response? Sample Answer: Fear is an emotion. John B. Watson successfully demonstrated that he could induce fear in a child using operant conditioning. He generalized from this specific response to conclude that any emotion can be a conditioned response. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.2, 2.1, 4.1 103. If observational learning plays a role in school violence, what role might it play? Sample Answer: In observational learning, we learn by watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say. It is possible that school violence occurs because children are imitating violent behavior they see in the media or at home. Difficulty: Difficult Page 25 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 06: Learning APA Standard: 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.3, 2.5, 3.3, 4.1 104. Describe how you can use the principles of operant conditioning to encourage children to read. Sample Answer: In operant conditioning, the event that drives the behavior (the consequence) comes after the behavior. In order to encourage children to read, a reward should be offered for reading. For example, have children track, in a reading journal, the amount of time they read and reward them for milestones, such as reading a total of five hours over a week. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.3, 4.1 105. Can you adjust the Little Albert experiment to make it more ethical? Sample Answer: The Little Albert experiment was unethical because it used the principles of operant conditioning to induce fear in a child. A more ethical version would be to use informed adult subjects and attempt to induce a positive emotion rather than a negative emotion. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.2, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1 106. What was Edward C. Tolman’s main contribution to the field of learning? Sample Answer: Edward C. Tolman’s experiments with rats demonstrated that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement. This finding went against the prevailing idea at the time that reinforcement must be immediate in order for learning to occur. Thus, Tolman’s main contribution was suggesting a cognitive aspect to learning. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 4.1 Essay 107. Summarize how Ivan Pavlov conducted his study of classical conditioning. Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.4, 4.1 108. Write a brief outline of the Little Albert experiment. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 2.1, 4.1 109. Using examples, compare and contrast classical conditional and operant conditioning. Page 26 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 06: Learning Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 4.1 110. Describe, using real life examples, observational learning. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 4.1 Copyright 2015, Rice University. All Rights Reserved. Page 27 of 27