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1 Name: ________________________________________ Homeroom: ____________ Chapter 10 – Earth’s Weather Patterns Essential Question: What Makes up the Atmosphere? The Atmosphere The _______________, the layers that surround Earth are made up of ________________. The two main gases that make up the atmosphere are _______________ and _______________. Another important gas found in the atmosphere is _________________, a form of oxygen that helps protect Earth’s surface from the dangerous effects of _________________ (UV) radiation. The atmosphere consists of _______________ layers. 1. _________________ - The layer closest to the Earth’s surface. o Most of the _________________ occurs in the troposphere. As the distance from the Earth’s surface increases the air becomes _________________ and _________________in the troposphere. 2. _________________ - As distance increases in the stratosphere the air becomes _________________, while the temperature _________________. 3. _________________ - coldest layer of the atmosphere. o Enough ________________ is caused in the mesosphere for ________________ to burn up. These chunks of ________________ move through space at great speeds. On Earth we see them as meteors, or _______________________________. 4. _________________ - extremely hot temperatures reaching 2200 F. 2 5. _________________ - Outermost layer of the atmosphere. o There is not a true ________________ between the exosphere and space, rather the air continues to become more ________________. How the Sun Affects the Atmosphere Since the _____________ heats the Earth’s atmosphere and _____________, the temperature usually becomes _____________ at night. The sun does not heat Earth’s surface _____________. The area over the _____________ is warmest because the sunlight hits the Earth’s surface here almost directly. The area at the poles is much _____________ because the indirect sunlight spreads the sun’s _____________ out over a larger area. The _____________ heating of the Earth forces the movement of large bodies of air known as _____________. The movement of these air masses causes changes in _____________. Essential Question: What is Weather? Air Masses _____________ is the condition of the atmosphere at a particular time and place. _____________ effect the weather of an area. An air mass is a large body of _______. The _____________ and _____________, amount of water vapor in the air, is affected by the area over where an air mass forms. o _____________ air masses – humid – form over oceans. o _____________ air masses – dry - form over land. o _____________ air masses – warm – form over the tropics (near the equator) 3 o _____________ air masses – cold – form over Arctic areas (near the poles) The air mass types can be combined such as an air mass over the northern parts of Canada would be a ________________________________ (Arctic and land). The unequal heating of the Earth causes differences in ____________________. Air pressure is the weight of ___________ pressing down on a unit of area. A change in air pressure indicates that a new air ____________ is moving into the area, causing a change in the ____________________. Air that is holding as much ___________ as possible has relative humidity of 100%. Relative humidity relies on two factors the ____________________ and the amount of water vapor available. Weather Fronts The boundary between two air masses that collide is called a _____________. Most often the collision of moving air masses occurs halfway between one of the poles and the ______________. The front results in a change in ____________________. o ________________ - warm air moves into an area of cooler air. A warm front usually brings _________. o _______________ - cold air moves into an area of warmer air. Cold fronts usually bring precipitation, but quickly moving cold air masses often cause ______________________. o __________________ - boundary between two air masses that are not moving against one another. A stationary front often brings a __________ lasting precipitation. Types of Clouds 4 A cloud is a mass of tiny water droplets or ice crystals that can be seen in the _______________. Clouds are classified by their ____________ and height above sea level. o ____________ - high clouds. Mostly ice crystals. Fair weather, may signal a change in ____________. (cirrocumulus, cirrostratus) o _________________ and _________________ - mid-level clouds. Made of water droplets white to gray in color and produce light snow or drizzling rain at times. o _________________ - low clouds. Made of water droplets. If rain is produced the cloud is known as nimbostratus. o _________________ - first stages of a developing cumulonimbus cloud. These clouds bring ____________. Global Wind Patterns Wind is the movement of air from an area of higher pressure an area of ____________ pressure. _________________ winds are winds that blow across long distance in predictable patterns. o _________________ move cold air from both poles to the equator o __________________________________ - blow towards the poles. Affect most of the weather in the __________________________________ from west to east. o _________________ - a band of very strong wind that blows from east to west high in the atmosphere. Throughout the winter a jet stream will dip from _________________ to the US bringing ___________ weather. o _________________ - movement of warm air from the equator over the oceans, cooling, dropping, and moving back towards the _________________. 5 Factors that Influence Climate Climate is the average of all __________________ conditions in an area over a period of time. Climate is influenced by different factors. o __________________ - affect precipitation by moving air masses. __________________ carries more moisture than cooler air. Similiarly winds that blow over oceans carry more _____________ than winds that blow across land. The inland areas of __________________ are often more dry because they are not affected by winds carrying moisture near the __________________. o __________________ - influence the temperature of an area. Warm ocean currents ______________ the air above them, while cool currents __________ the air. o __________________ - the unusual warming of surface water in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean. Warm water pushes energy and moisture into the atmosphere, resulting in a change in __________________ and __________________ patterns. o __________________ - have built large cities and polluted ________ and ____________ resources. Essential Question: How Can you Track Severe Storms? Weather Forecasts A forecast predicts the ______________ accurately up to __________ days into the future. The weather is studied by ______________ who then provide forecasts. Meteorologists use instruments to measure atmospheric conditions. A _____________ 6 measures temperature, a ______________ measures air pressure, and a ______________ is used to measure wind speed. As technological advances increase so does the ______________ of forecasts. Satellite images are used to show how the weather of an area is ______________. A weather ________ shows recent weather conditions across a large area. Thunderstorms and Tornadoes A thunderstorm is a strong storm with _________________________________. A thunderstorm forms when ______________, humid air rises rapidly. Most thunderstorms last less than one ______________. Once a thunderstorm is detected meteorologists look for another severe weather event such as a ______________. A tornado is a violently ______________ column of air that extends downward from thunderclouds (cumulonimbus) and touches the ground. Every thunderstorm does not produce a tornado, tornadoes actually only form in less than ______________ of thunderstorms. The wins of a tornado can reach ______ miles per hour. Tornados can last only a few minutes or a few hours. Tornadoes are more ______________ to predict than other severe storms, however warnings are often given in enough time for people to reach safety. Hurricanes A hurricane is a large, rotating _____________ storm system with winds speeds of at least 74 miles per hour. At first the storm is called a _______________________, if the _____________ reach a consistent speed of 39 miles per hour it is called a __________________________ and given a _____________. Nearly half of the tropical storms that form throughout the year develop into _____________. 7 The calm center of a hurricane is known as the _____________. A hurricane in the Northwest Pacific Ocean is called a _____________. Meteorologists are able to _____________ hurricanes; therefore people are given warning if they need to _____________ their homes. Blizzards A winter storm with strong winds and large amounts of heavy, blowing ________ is a blizzard. The heavy snow should accumulate to at least _______ inches per hour and the winds should blow for at least 3 hours at ________ miles per hour in order to classify the storm as a blizzard. During a blizzard the ability to see often becomes less than one quarter of a mile and is often near ______________. Similar to other storms a blizzard forms because of differences in ___________. The intense winds __________ falling snow and also pick up snow that has fallen to the ground and blow that causing ______________ conditions making travel dangerous. As a result of the extreme cold ______________, injury to the skin from freezing and ______________, a condition where body temperature falls dangerously low can affect anyone stranded during a blizzard.