Download Glands and their hormones

Glands and their hormones
•Pituitary
•Pineal
•Thyroid/Parathyroid
•Adrenal
•Pancreas
•Gonads
•Placenta
Pituitary
Location: Diencephalon
TWO portions: Anterior and Posterior
Anterior Pituitary
– TSH – Thyroid stimulating hormone
– GH – Growth hormone
– PRL – Prolactin
– Gonadotropins (sub group)
 FSH and LH, which target other endocrine
glands.
TSH – Thyroid stimulating hormone
• Super easy  triggers the release of
thyroid hormones
Great example of how some hormones trigger
the release of other hormones!
(GH) Growth hormone
• Responsible for growth –
–Target: muscles and long bones
–Imbalance:
»Too much = Gigantism
»Too little = Dwarfism
(PRL) - Prolactin
• Target: breasts
• Stimulates and maintains milk production
by mother’s breasts
Males? Who knows, but it’s there! 
Gonadotropins
Gonadotropins (group of hormones):
Target: Gonads of males/females
( testes and ovaries )
Purpose: regulate hormonal activity in
gonads
LH – Luteinizing hormone
FSH – Follicle-stimulating hormone
LH
Male
Female
•Production of
testosterone
FSH
•Production of
mature sperm
•Estrogen and
progesterone
•Production of
production
mature eggs
•Triggers ovulation
Posterior Pituitary
**Important** Not an actual gland!!
*Storage for hormones
Hormones:
Oxytocin
ADH - Antidiuretic
Oxytocin
• Target: Uterus
• Purpose: stimulates uterine contractions
(labor)
• Synthetic:
– “Pitocin” – used to
induce labor
(ADH) – Antidiuretic hormone
Target: Kidneys
Purpose: cause kidney’s to absorb more water from
the forming urine AND blood volume increases
Too much: increase blood
pressure and
pee very little
Too little: Pee a LOT
(alcohol consumption
reduces ADH production)
Pineal Gland
Location: Diencephalon
Pineal Gland
** Somewhat unknown gland
Melatonin –
Target: The brain
Purpose: “Sleep trigger”
*Levels rise and fall during the day
Too much = sleepy
Too little = awake
Thyroid
Location: Base of the throat
Thyroid
Thyroid hormones
– Target: EVERY cell in the body
– Purpose:
– “metabolic hormone” – controls rate at which glucose is
burned and converted to chemical energy for the body
– Normal tissue growth
Calcitonin
– Target: Skeleton and Kidneys
– Purpose: decrease calcium levels in the blood
• Decreases activity of osteoclasts, which in turn
maintains the calcium in the bone
• This decreases blood calcium levels (duh! Because
its staying in the bone and not in the blood)
Parathyroid
Location: Surface of the thyroid gland
Hormone: (PTH) – Parathyroid hormone
• Target:
– Main: Skeleton and Kidneys
– Purpose: increase calcium levels in the blood
Skeleton  osteoclasts get to work! (release calcium into
blood)
Kidneys  increase reabsorption of calcium (returning it to
the blood)
STOP! – In the name of love….
Let’s analyze this relationship of balancing
calcium in the body!!
WOOT WOOT!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Adrenal Glands
Location: top of kidney’s
Adrenal
Produces THREE major groups of hormones
1. Mineralocorticoids
2. Glucocorticoids
3. Catecholamines
Mineralocorticoids include..
Aldosterone –
Target: Kidneys
Purpose: regulates salt, water, and electrolyte
content of the blood (hence mineralocorticoids)
If you have high aldosterone = there was low
salt content in the blood; Aldosterone bring salt
back into blood.
*hence: less salt = more water
Glucocorticoids include…
Cortisol- (hydrocortisone)
Target: All cells
Purpose:
• Regulate glucose production (hence glucocorticoids)
(pulled from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates to convert to glucose)
*Anti-inflammatory properties:
– Inhibit white blood cell activities
– Used on allergic reactions to reduce the swelling and itchiness
caused by the white blood cell reaction.
Catecholamines
(Epinephrine)
Target: Variety of locations around the body
Purpose:
– Release glucose into blood stream
– Speed up ATP production by increasing the
rate at which glucose is released.
**Side effects have been previously discussed
STOP! - Hammer time!
On your OWN piece of paper, complete the
following
A. Draw an organizational chart of your own
design to include the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Key idea – Hormones of the Adrenal Gland
Include the THREE hormones discussed
Include the functions of the THREE hormones
Include a quick- sketch of the function of the THREE
hormones (include the important details of the target
and function within your sketch)
Pancreas
Location: between kidneys; close to stomach
Pancreas
InsulinTarget: All cells
Purpose: Transports glucose across cell
membranes to be broken down and used
(glucose = energy for cells)  VITAL!!!
Stimulus: High levels of glucose in the blood = insulin
release
Pancreas cont’d
Glucagon
Target: Liver (overall = all cells)
Purpose: Increases glucose levels in the
blood by stimulating the liver to break
down glycogen into glucose
Stimulus: Low levels of glucose in the blood =
more production of glucose
Gonads
 Female
Male 
Ovaries….
Do not begin to function until the gonadotropic
hormones (LH and FSH) of the anterior
pituitary stimulate them
Hormones:
1. Estrogens
2. Progesterones
Estrogens…
(estrone and estradiol)
Target: Uterus and various body parts
Purpose: Works with progesterones to
prepare uterus for fertilized egg
(menstrual cycle)
Also Stimulates development of
secondary sex characteristics in females:
a. Growth and maturation of reproductive organs
b. Hair growth in pubic and axillary regions
Progesterones…
Target: Uterus
Purpose:
a. Works with estrogens to prepare the
uterus for fertilized egg (menstrual cycle)
(During pregnancy):
b. keeps the uterus from contracting
c. Helps prepare the breast tissue for
lactation
Menstrual cycle
Testes
Testosterone
Target: Testes and various body parts
Purpose:
Development of male sex
characteristics
a. Growth and maturation of reproductive
organs (including sperm production)
b. Growth of facial hair, lowering voice,
development of heavy bones and muscles
Placenta
**Temporary organ!**
Forms in the uterus of pregnant women
(hCG) – human chorionic gonadotropin
Target: ovaries
Purpose: trigger for continual release of estrogens and
progesterones so the fetus is not flushed out through menses
* Assumes this job in the third month.. ovaries become
inactive for remainder of pregnancy
The END!!