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Early Civilizations: Egypt
I.
Nile Civilizations
A. The Kingdom of Egypt: Main Idea
1. Egypt was one of the most _______ and long-lasting civilizations
of the ancient world.
B. Geography and Early Egypt
1. The Nile: most important physical feature in _______________,
___________ miles long; flows through the ______________
Desert, and Nile = civilization. (Nile flows North).
2. The Nile ______________ every year: narrow band of fertile soil
became home of Egyptian civilization.
C. Geographical Features
1. Egypt’s most ______________ soil in Nile Delta.
2. Nile provided protection: flowed through ______________ to the
south. Currents and waterfalls made sailing ______________.
D. Two Kingdoms
1. First farming villages as early as ________ BC.
2. ______________ Kingdom, ______________ Egypt: Mild
climate; cobra goddess worshipped.
3. ______________ Kingdom, ______________ Egypt: Warmer
climate; prayed to a vulture goddess.
4. Unification: Two kingdoms unified around ________ BC; Upper
Egypt ruler ______________ conquered north, ______________
capital city, adopted both symbols (snake and vulture). First of
______ dynasties.
E. The Old Kingdom
1. Many of the institutions for which the Egyptian civilization is
known were created during the period which began around ____
BC.
2. The Pyramids: largest located near _________, built as tombs for
_____________, and design changed to _______-sided over
time.
3. Building Pyramids: ordered when kings took the throne, built
from the _____________ out, and ________ built by slaves
(______________ work and professionals).
F. The Pharaohs (Great House)
1. Had great power because he was believed to be a ________.
2. Egypt a _________________, a state ruled by religious figures.
3. Pharaoh could not rule Egypt alone - Aided by ______________,
many of whom were pharaoh’s relatives.
G. The Middle Kingdom
1. Old Kingdom ______________ around 2100 BC; warfare,
economic strife for almost ________ years
2. New dynasty began Middle Kingdom 2055 BC; strong
leadership and trade.
II.
3. Trade routes not always safe; the ______________ invaded,
conquered around 1650 BC.
H. The New Kingdom
1. Hyksos ruled almost ________ years; not harsh, but resented.
Defeated by nobles from ____________ who became new rulers
of Egypt.
2. Securing Egypt: Egypt could not rely on ________________ for
protection – built powerful military: foot soldiers, archers with
________________ (adopted weapons from Hyksos).
3. With new military, Egypt created an empire. (Nubia and Asia).
I. The Reign of Hatshepsut
1. Best known for encouraging ___________; only ____________
pharaoh.
2. __________________ in Egypt; Amenhotep IV, 1353 BC:
worshipped only one god, ________ (banned worship of all other
gods). The next pharaoh ____________ worship of traditional
gods.
J. Ramses the Great
1. _______________ Egyptian empire (Nubia and Syria).
2. Ramses the Great vs. _______________ = truce signed; Ramses
married Hittite princess and conflict ____________.
3. Reign marked with extravagant splendor; built more __________
and __________________ than other pharaohs; political/artistic
achievements.
K. Egypt’s Decline
1. Ramses’ successors faced challenges to authority; major
invasions by ______________________.
2. Egypt broke into small states and had _______________ rulers
for the next ________ years. (Kushites, Libyans, Assyrians,
Persians, Greeks, and Rome).
Egyptian Culture
A. Main Idea
1. The ancient Egyptians are famous for their religion, their burial
practices, and their advances in art, writing and science.
B. Egyptian Religion
1. Egyptians worshipped many gods (__________________).
Believed that gods controlled all _____________ events.
2. _____________ built to honor (very decorative and elaborate),
provide homes for gods.
3. _____________ to fulfill gods’ needs (kept gods alive – returned
with posterity for Egypt). _________ had responsibility for care
– no common people.
C. Mummification and Burial
1. Central to Egyptian religion was the belief in an _____________,
a land of the dead where souls would go to live.
2. Teachings: _____________ body dies, releases ______
(individual's _________________); Ka needed food and drink to
survive - sought to prevent ____________________ so ka would
not vanish.
3. ____________________: process to prevent breakdown of body;
only for kings, royal family at first (available later to any who
could afford).
4. Burial: buried with possessions needed for afterlife; __________
tombs were filled with statues, gold, boats, painted walls with
their life stories and stories of the gods, etc.
D. Daily Life
1. Archeologists learned much from items buried in tombs and
images painted on tomb walls (pictures of society, culture).
2. Social Structure: Highly _____________: 1) _____________, 2)
nobles/priests, 3) artisans, scribes, merchants, doctors, etc., 4)
_____________ and slaves.
3. _______ of society were peasant farmers; sometimes recruited to
build large public works, mines, and army.
4. Slaves: were not a large part of the population; _____________
or POWs.
5. Egyptian society ________ rigid than other ancient civilizations;
Possible to move up in society.
6. Home and Family Life: varied from class to class; pharaohs had
more than one wife and married _____________ to keep royal
blood pure.
7. Houses: most lived as family units with _____________ as head
of household.
8. Woman’s _____________ duty to care for home and children but
had more _____________. Few children _____________.
9. Egyptians paid close attention to their _____________.
10. Enjoyed sports, fishing, sailing and board games
E. Art, Writing, and Science
1. Ancient Egyptian civilization lasted more than ________ years
and made many tremendous advances, particularly in art,
literature and _____________.
2. Egyptian Art: very distinctive and easily distinguished from art
of other ancient civilizations – _____________ of gods/daily
life, on tombs and buildings, etc.
3. Egyptian Statues: Large, imposing, most show gods, pharaohs;
_____________________, the largest and most famous.
F. Egyptian Writing
1. The Egyptians were prolific writers who recorded events in great
detail and composed beautiful songs and stories.
2. _____________________: picture symbols to represent objects
(formal writing); Hieratic: _____________ texts; ____________:
legal and literary writings.
3. _____________ plant used to make paperlike sheets.
4. _________________________ used to decipher hieroglyphs
(discovered in 1799, translated by Jean-François Champollion).
G. Egyptian Math and Science
1. ______________ + ______________ + _________________ =
Pyramids.
2. Greatest scientific advances were in _____________: masters of
human _____________.