Download Chapter 45 Hormones and the Endocrine System Multiple

Chapter 45 Hormones and the Endocrine System
Multiple-Choice Questions
1) Which of the following statements about hormones is incorrect?
A) They are produced by endocrine glands.
B) They are modified amino acids, peptides, or steroid molecules.
C) They are carried by the circulatory system.
D) They are used to communicate between different organisms.
E) They elicit specific biological responses from target cells.
Answer: D
Topic: Concepts 45.1-45.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
2) The secretion of hormone A causes a change in the amount of protein X in an organism. If this mechanism
works by positive feedback, which of the following statements represents that fact?
A) An increase in A produces an increase in X.
B) An increase in X produces a decrease in A.
C) A decrease in A produces an increase in X.
D) A and B are correct.
E) B and C are correct.
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 45.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
3) Which of the following is (are) true?
A) Hormones regulate cellular functions, and generally negative feedback regulates hormone levels.
B) The circulating level of a hormone is held constant through a series of positive feedback loops.
C) Both lipid-soluble hormones and water-soluble hormones bind to intracellular protein receptors.
D) The ducts of endocrine organs release their contents into the bloodstream.
E) Only A and C are true.
Answer: A
Topic: Concepts 45.1, 45.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
4) What do nitric oxide and epinephrine have in common?
A) They both function as neurotransmitters.
B) They both function as hormones.
C) They are both involved in the ʺfight-or-flightʺ response.
D) They bind the same receptors.
E) Only A and B are correct.
Answer: E
Topic: Concepts 45.1, 45.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Page 1
5) Substance X is secreted by one cell, travels a short distance through interstitial fluid, and produces an effect in a
cell immediately adjacent to the original secreting cell. All of the following terms could describe this substance
except
A) nitric oxide.
B) neurotransmitter.
C) prostaglandin.
D) pheromone.
E) growth factor.
Answer: D
Topic: Concepts 45.1, 45.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
6) Which of the following is a local regulator responsible for activating an enzyme that relaxes smooth muscle
cells?
A) nitric oxide
B) prostaglandin F
C) epinephrine
D) A and B only
E) A, B, and C
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 45.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
7) Prostaglandins are local regulators whose basic structure is derived from
A) oligosaccharides.
B) fatty acids.
C) steroids.
D) amino acids.
E) nitric oxide
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 45.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
8) Which of the following examples is incorrectly paired with its class?
A) cytokines-local regulator
B) estrogen-steroid hormone
C) prostaglandin-peptide hormone
D) ecdysone-steroid hormone
E) neurotransmitter-local regulator
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 45.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
9) What is the mode of action of aspirin and ibuprofen?
A) They inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins.
B) They inhibit the release of nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator.
C) They block paracrine signaling pathways.
D) They stimulate the release of oxytocin.
E) They stimulate the release of endorphins.
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 45.1
Skill: Application/Analysis
Page 2
10) A cell that contains proteins enabling a hormone to selectively bind to its plasma membrane is called a(n)
A) secretory cell.
B) plasma cell.
C) endocrine cell.
D) target cell.
E) regulatory cell.
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 45.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
11) Only certain cells in the body are target cells for the steroid hormone aldosterone. Which of the following is the
best explanation for why these are the only cells that respond to this hormone?
A) Only target cells are exposed to aldosterone.
B) Only target cells contain receptors for aldosterone.
C) Aldosterone is unable to enter nontarget cells.
D) Nontarget cells destroy aldosterone before it can produce its effect.
E) Nontarget cells convert aldosterone to a hormone to which they do respond.
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 45.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
12) Why is it that some body cells respond differently to the same peptide hormones?
A) Different target cells have different genes.
B) Each cell knows how it fits into the bodyʹs master plan.
C) A target cellʹs response is determined by the product of a signal transduction pathway.
D) The circulatory system regulates responses to hormones by routing the hormones to specific targets.
E) The hormone is chemically altered in different ways as it travels through the circulatory system.
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 45.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
13) Which of the following statements about hormones is incorrect?
A) They are secreted into the extracellular fluid.
B) They circulate in blood or hemolymph.
C) They communicate messages throughout the body.
D) They travel through a dedicated pathway.
E) Not all cells respond to a particular hormone.
Answer: D
Topic: Concepts 45.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
14) Which of the following statements about hormones is incorrect?
A) Glands that produce them are ductless glands.
B) They are produced only by organs called endocrine organs.
C) Some are water soluble and some are not.
D) They often maintain steady-state conditions.
E) They may turn genes off or on.
Answer: B
Topic: Concepts 45.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Page 3
15) Which of the following does not represent a chemical signal?
A) movement of a signal from one end of a nerve to the other end of the nerve
B) movement of a signal from one nerve to the next
C) an immune cell releasing a cytokine
D) a chemical released that affects the cell that releases it
E) chemicals released into the bloodstream from nerve cells
Answer: A
Topic: Concepts 45.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
16) Hormone X produces its effect in its target cells via the cAMP second messenger system. Which of the
following will produce the greatest effect in the cell?
A) a molecule of hormone X applied to the extracellular fluid surrounding the cell
B) a molecule of hormone X injected into the cytoplasm of the cell
C) a molecule of cAMP applied to the extracellular fluid surrounding the cell
D) a molecule of cAMP injected into the cytoplasm of the cell
E) a molecule of activated, cAMP-dependent protein kinase injected into the cytoplasm of the cell
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 45.1
Skill: Application/Analysis
17) Which of the following statements about hormones is correct?
A) Steroid and peptide hormones produce different effects but use the same biochemical mechanisms.
B) Steroid and peptide hormones produce the same effects but differ in the mechanisms that produce the
effects.
C) Steroid hormones affect the synthesis of proteins, whereas peptide hormones affect the activity of
proteins already present in the cell.
D) Steroid hormones affect the activity of certain proteins within the cell, whereas peptide hormones directly
affect the processing of mRNA.
E) Steroid hormones affect the synthesis of proteins to be exported from the cell, whereas peptide hormones
affect the synthesis of proteins that remain in the cell.
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 45.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
18) Which of the following statements about hormones that promote homeostasis is incorrect?
A) A stimulus causes an endocrine cell to secrete a particular hormone.
B) The hormone travels in the bloodstream to target cells.
C) Specific receptors bind with the hormone.
D) Signal transduction brings about a response in the target cell.
E) This response feeds back to promote the release of more hormone.
Answer: E
Topic: Concepts 45.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
19) Which of the following are not part of homeostasis promotion or maintenance?
A) A stimulus causes an endocrine cell to secrete a particular hormone, which decreases the stimulus.
B) A hormone acts in an antagonistic way with another hormone.
C) A hormone is involved in a positive feedback loop.
D) Signal transduction brings about a response in the target cell.
E) Secretin promotes an increase in the pH of the duodenum.
Answer: C
Topic: Concepts 45.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Page 4
20) When an individual is subject to short-term starvation, most available food is used to provide energy
(metabolism) rather than building blocks (growth and repair). Which hormone would be particularly active in
times of food shortage?
A) epinephrine
B) glucagon
C) oxytocin
D) antidiuretic hormone
E) insulin
Answer: B
Topic: Concepts 45.2
Skill: Application/Analysis
21) Based on their effects, which pair below could be considered antagonistic?
A) prostaglandin F and nitric oxide
B) growth hormone and ecdysone
C) endocrine and exocrine glands
D) hormones and target cells
E) neurosecretory cells and neurotransmitters
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 45.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
22) The endocrine system and the nervous system are structurally related. Which of the following cells best
illustrates this relationship?
A) a neuron in the spinal cord
B) a steroid-producing cell in the adrenal cortex
C) a neurosecretory cell in the hypothalamus
D) a brain cell in the cerebral cortex
E) a cell in the pancreas that produces digestive enzymes
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 45.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
23) The hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary by means of
A) releasing hormones.
B) second messengers.
C) third messengers.
D) antibodies.
E) cytokines.
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 45.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
24) Short blood vessels connect two capillary beds lying in which of the following?
A) hypothalamus and thalamus
B) anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary
C) hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
D) posterior pituitary and thyroid gland
E) anterior pituitary and adrenal gland
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 45.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Page 5
25) Oxytocin and ADH are produced by the __________ and stored in the __________.
A) hypothalamus; neurohypophysis
B) adenohypophysis; kidneys
C) anterior pituitary; thyroid
D) adrenal cortex; adrenal medulla
E) posterior pituitary; anterior pituitary
Answer: A
Topic: Concepts 45.3, 45.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
26) If a person drinks a large amount of water in a short period of time, he or she may die from water toxicity.
ADH can help prevent water retention through interaction with target cells in the
A) anterior pituitary.
B) posterior pituitary.
C) adrenal gland.
D) bladder.
E) kidney.
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 45.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
27) Which of the following statements about the hypothalamus is incorrect?
A) It functions as an endocrine gland.
B) It is part of the central nervous system.
C) It is subject to feedback inhibition by certain hormones.
D) It secretes tropic hormones that act directly on the gonads.
E) Its neurosecretory cells terminate in the posterior pituitary.
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 45.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
28) Which combination of hormones helps a mother to produce milk and nurse her baby?
A) prolactin and calcitonin
B) oxytocin and prolactin
C) follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
D) luteinizing hormone and oxytocin
E) oxytocin, prolactin, and luteinizing hormone
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 45.3, 45.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
29) Prolactin stimulates mammary gland growth and development in mammals and regulates salt and water
balance in freshwater fish. Many scientists think that this wide range of functions indicates which of the
following?
A) Prolactin is a nonspecific hormone.
B) Prolactin has a unique mechanism for eliciting its effects.
C) Prolactin is an evolutionary conserved hormone.
D) Prolactin is derived from two separate sources.
E) Prolactin interacts with many different receptor molecules.
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 45.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Page 6
30) Which of the following have nontropic effects only?
A) FSH
B) LH
C) TSH
D) MSH
E) ACTH
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 45.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
31) The star of a recent movie was a caterpillar that never matured into an adult. It simply got larger with each
molt. What is the probable reason why the caterpillar did not mature into an adult?
A) lack of ecdysone
B) lack of juvenile hormone
C) decreased level of ecdysone
D) increased level of juvenile hormone
E) lack of the melatonin hormone
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 45.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
32) Synthetic versions of which of the following hormones are being used as insecticides to prevent insects from
maturing into reproducing adults?
A) ecdysone
B) juvenile hormone
C) oxytocin
D) brain hormone
E) prothoracic hormone
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 45.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
33) Iodine is added to commercially-prepared table salt to help prevent deficiencies of this essential mineral.
Which gland(s) require(s) iodine to function properly?
A) parathyroids
B) adrenal
C) thyroid
D) pancreas
E) ovaries and testes
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 45.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
34) Tropic hormones from the anterior pituitary directly affect the release of which of the following?
A) parathyroid hormone
B) calcitonin
C) epinephrine
D) thyroxine
E) glucagon
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 45.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Page 7
35) Which of the following endocrine disorders is not correctly matched with the malfunctioning gland?
A) diabetes and pancreas
B) giantism and pituitary
C) goiter and adrenal medulla
D) tetany and parathyroid
E) dwarfism and pituitary
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 45.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
36) One reason a person might be severely overweight is due to
A) an undersecretion of thyroxine.
B) a defect in hormone release from the posterior pituitary.
C) a lower than normal level of insulin-like growth factors.
D) hyposecretion of oxytocin.
E) a higher than normal level of melatonin.
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 45.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
37) Which of the following statements about endocrine glands is incorrect?
A) The parathyroids regulate metabolic rate.
B) The thyroid participates in blood calcium regulation.
C) The pituitary participates in the regulation of the gonads.
D) The adrenal medulla produces ʺfight-or-flightʺ responses.
E) The pancreas helps to regulate blood sugar concentration.
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 45.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
38) Which of the following is an endocrine gland?
A) parathyroid gland
B) salivary gland
C) sweat gland
D) sebaceous gland
E) gallbladder
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 45.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
39) Which hormone exerts antagonistic action to PTH (parathyroid hormone)?
A) thyroxine
B) epinephrine
C) growth hormone
D) calcitonin
E) glucagon
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 45.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Page 8
40) Which of the following glands shows both endocrine and exocrine activity?
A) pituitary
B) parathyroid
C) salivary
D) pancreas
E) adrenal
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 45.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
41) All of the following are steroid hormones except
A) androgen.
B) cortisol.
C) estrogen.
D) insulin.
E) testosterone.
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 45.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
42) Blood samples taken from an individual who had been fasting for 24 hours would have which of the
following?
A) high levels of insulin
B) high levels of glucagon
C) low levels of insulin
D) low levels of glucagon
E) both B and C
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 45.4
Skill: Application/Analysis
43) What happens when beta cells of the pancreas release insulin into the blood?
A) Blood glucose levels rise to a set point and stimulate glucagon release.
B) Body cells take up more glucose.
C) The liver breaks down glycogen to glucose.
D) Alpha cells are stimulated to release glucose into the blood.
E) Both B and D are correct.
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 45.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
44) Which of the following endocrine structures are derived from nervous tissue?
A) thymus and thyroid glands
B) ovaries and the testes
C) liver and the pancreas
D) anterior pituitary and the adrenal cortex
E) posterior pituitary and the adrenal medulla
Answer: E
Topic: Concepts 45.3, 45.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Page 9
45) The endocrine system and the nervous system are chemically related. Which of the following substances best
illustrates this relationship?
A) estrogen
B) calcitonin
C) norepinephrine
D) calcium
E) ecdysone
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 45.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
46) Which of the following are synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine?
A) epinephrine
B) catecholamines
C) thyroxin
D) A and B only
E) A, B, and C
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 45.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
47) Which of the following glands is controlled directly by the hypothalamus or central nervous system but not the
anterior pituitary?
A) ovary
B) adrenal medulla
C) adrenal cortex
D) testis
E) thyroid
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 45.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
48) If the adrenal cortex were removed, which group of hormones would be most affected?
A) steroid
B) peptide
C) tropic
D) amino acid-derived
E) paracrine
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 45.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
49) Which of the following statements about the adrenal gland is correct?
A) During stress, TSH stimulates the adrenal cortex and medulla to secrete acetylcholine.
B) During stress, the alpha cells of islets secrete insulin and simultaneously the beta cells of the islets secrete
glucagon.
C) During stress, ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex, and neurons of the sympathetic nervous system
stimulate the adrenal medulla.
D) At all times, the anterior portion secretes ACTH, while the posterior portion secretes oxytocin.
E) At all times, the adrenal gland monitors calcium levels in the blood and regulates calcium by secreting the
two antagonistic hormones, epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 45.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Page 10
50) Which of the following hormones is (are) secreted by the adrenal gland in response to stress and promote(s) the
synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate substrates?
A) glucagon
B) glucocorticoids
C) epinephrine
D) thyroxine
E) ACTH
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 45.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
The question below refers to the following information.
In an experiment, ratsʹ ovaries were removed immediately after impregnation and then the rats were divided into two
groups. Treatments and results are summarized in the table below
Group 1 Group 2
Daily injections of
progesterone (milligrams)
Percentage of rats that
carried fetuses to birth
0.25
2.0
0
100
Figure 45.1
51) The results most likely occurred because progesterone exerts an effect on the
A) general health of the rat.
B) size of the fetus.
C) maintenance of the uterus.
D) gestation period of rats.
E) number of eggs fertilized.
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 45.4
Skill: Application/Analysis
52) Melatonin has been found to participate in all of the following except
A) skin pigmentation.
B) monitoring day length.
C) reproduction.
D) biological rhythms.
E) calcium deposition in bone.
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 45.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
53) Which combination of gland and hormone would be linked to winter hibernation and spring reproduction in
bears?
A) pineal gland, melatonin
B) hypothalamus gland, melatonin
C) anterior pituitary gland, gonadotropin-releasing hormone
D) pineal gland, estrogen
E) posterior pituitary gland, thyroid-stimulating hormone
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 45.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Page 11
54) Which of the following is a steroid hormone that triggers molting in arthropods?
A) ecdysone
B) glucagon
C) thyroxine
D) oxytocin
E) growth hormone
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 45.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
55) Which of the following is secreted by the pancreas?
A) ecdysone
B) glucagon
C) thyroxine
D) oxytocin
E) growth hormone
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 45.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
56) Which of the following stimulates and maintains metabolic processes?
A) ecdysone
B) glucagon
C) thyroxine
D) oxytocin
E) growth hormone
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 45.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
57) Which of the following stimulates the contraction of uterine muscle?
A) ecdysone
B) glucagon
C) thyroxine
D) oxytocin
E) growth hormone
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 45.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
58) Which of the following is secreted by the anterior pituitary?
A) ecdysone
B) glucagon
C) thyroxine
D) oxytocin
E) growth hormone
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 45.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Page 12
59) Which of the following endocrine structures is (are) not controlled by a tropic hormone from the anterior
pituitary?
A) pancreatic islet cells
B) thyroid gland
C) adrenal cortex
D) ovaries
E) testes
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 45.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
60) Testosterone is an example of
A) an androgen.
B) an estrogen.
C) a progestin.
D) a catecholamine.
E) melatonin.
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 45.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
61) Estradiol is an example of
A) an androgen.
B) an estrogen.
C) a progestin.
D) a catecholamine.
E) melatonin.
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 45.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
62) Which of the following is secreted by the pineal gland?
A) androgens
B) estrogens
C) progestins
D) catecholamines
E) melatonin
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 45.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
63) Epinephrine is an example of
A) an androgen.
B) an estrogen.
C) a progestin.
D) a catecholamine.
E) melatonin.
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 45.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Page 13
Self-Quiz Questions
1) Which of the following is not an accurate statement?
A) Hormones are chemical messengers that travel to target cells through the circulatory system.
B) Hormones often regulate homeostasis through antagonistic functions.
C) Hormones of the same chemical class usually have the same function.
D) Hormones are secreted by specialized cells usually located in endocrine glands.
E) Hormones are often regulated through feedback loops.
Answer: C
Topic:
Skill:
2) A distinctive feature of the mechanism of action of thyroid hormones and steroid hormones is that
A) these hormones are regulated by feedback loops.
B) target cells react more rapidly to these hormones than to local regulators.
C) these hormones bind with specific receptor proteins on the plasma membrane of target cells.
D) these hormones bind to receptors inside cells.
E) these hormones affect metabolism.
Answer: D
Topic:
Skill:
3) Growth factors are local regulators that
A) are produced by the anterior pituitary.
B) are modified fatty acids that stimulate bone and cartilage growth.
C) are found on the surface of cancer cells and stimulate abnormal cell division.
D) are proteins that bind to cell-surface receptors and stimulate growth and development of target cells.
E) convey messages between nerve cells.
Answer: D
Topic:
Skill:
4) Which of the following hormones is incorrectly paired with its action?
A) oxytocinstimulates uterine contractions during childbirth
B) thyroxinestimulates metabolic processes
C) insulinstimulates glycogen breakdown in the liver
D) ACTHstimulates the release of glucocorticoids by the adrenal cortex
E) melatoninaffects biological rhythms, seasonal reproduction
Answer: C
Topic:
Skill:
5) An example of antagonistic hormones controlling homeostasis is
A) thyroxine and parathyroid hormone in calcium balance.
B) insulin and glucagon in glucose metabolism.
C) progestins and estrogens in sexual differentiation.
D) epinephrine and norepinephrine in fight-or-flight responses.
E) oxytocin and prolactin in milk production.
Answer: B
Topic:
Skill:
Page 14
6) Which of the following is the most likely explanation for hypothyroidism in a patient whose iodine level is
normal?
A) a disproportionate production of T 3 to T4
B) hyposecretion of TSH
C) hypersecretion of TSH
D) hypersecretion of MSH
E) a decrease in the thyroid secretion of calcitonin
Answer: B
Topic:
Skill:
7) The main target organs for tropic hormones are
A) muscles.
B) blood vessels.
C) endocrine glands.
D) kidneys.
E) nerves.
Answer: C
Topic:
Skill:
8) The relationship between the insect hormones ecdysone and PTTH
A) is an example of the interaction between the endocrine and nervous systems.
B) illustrates homeostasis achieved by positive feedback.
C) demonstrates that peptide-derived hormones have more widespread effects than steroid hormones.
D) illustrates homeostasis maintained by antagonistic hormones.
E) demonstrates competitive inhibition for the hormone receptor.
Answer: A
Topic:
Skill:
Page 15