Download Human Physiology Unit 3A: Endocrine System

Human Physiology Unit 3A:
Endocrine System
Supplemental Instruction
Iowa State University
Leader:
Course:
Instructor:
Date:
Paige Stieneke
BIOL 256
Dr. Karri Haen
March 3 and 4, 2013
_____________ Glands: secrete hormones into extracellular space. They travel through the
_______________. Hormones bind to __________ on target cells, which ultimately produces an effect.
Chemical Classification of Hormones
Class
Receptors
Examples
Steroids

does not need a receptor, can
directly enter the cell/nucleus
Estrogen, progesterone,
testosterone, aldosterone
Peptides
Insulin, glucagon, prolactin,
ACTH, gastrin, PTH
Adrenaline, thyroxine
Biogenic Amines
cAMP Second Messenger System
1. ______________ (1st Messenger) binds to a receptor, which then activates a ______________
2. G protein activates _____________________ (an enzyme)
3. Adenylate cyclase generates ________ (2nd Messenger) from ATP
4. cAMP activates protein kinases, which adds ___________ to enzymes, activating or inactivating
them
Which hormones use the cAMP Messenger System?
Phosphatidylinositol System (aka PIP-Calcium Second Messenger System)
1. ____________ (1st Messenger) binds to a receptor, which then activates a _______________
2. G protein activates ________________ (an enzyme)
3. Phospholipase splits phospholipid PIP2 into TWO different kinds of 2nd Messengers:
a. _____ activates protein kinases
b. _____ triggers release of Ca2+ stores
i. ______ (3rd Messenger) alters cellular responses
Which hormones use the PIP-Calcium System?
Tyrosine-Kinase System
1. __________ (1st Messenger) binds to a receptor, which activates ____________________
2. Tyrosine Kinase (TK) _______________ proteins
Ex: Insulin binds TK to allow glucose to be taken into the cell, which lowers blood sugar levels
Supplemental Instruction
1060 Hixson-Lied Student Success Center  294-6624  www.si.iastate.edu
Target Cell Activation
 (Up-regulation, Down-regulation) is where target cells form more receptors in response to a
hormone, while (Up-regulation, Down-regulation) is where target cells lose receptors in response to
a hormone
Hormone Interactions
1. ______________ Effect: 2 hormones required to activate cell, one hormone produces NO effect
2. ______________ Effect: 2+ hormones work together to produce effect, works in an additive way
3. ______________ Effect: 1 hormone counteracts the other hormone’s effects
Hormonal Stimulation
a. Humoral:
b. Hormonal:
c. Neural Stimulation:
Pituitary-Hypothalamus Relationship
1. Which part in the brain is known as the “master” gland?
2. True or False: the anterior pituitary is glandular tissue, but the
posterior pituitary is neural (NOT glandular) tissue
3. Which part of the pituitary gland stores and releases hormones
from the hypothalamus?
4. Which part of the pituitary gland synthesizes and releases its own
hormones?
5. How does the hypothalamus control hormone release?
Thyroid Gland
 Surrounds the trachea
 Parathyroid Gland: 4 pea-sized glands on the thyroid gland
 Controls the __________________________ (BMR), or the
average amount of energy expended at rest
 Review thyroid diseases: Goiter (bulge in throat), Grave’s Disease
(eyes pop out), and Cretinism (mental retardation in children)
Adrenal Glands
 Paired, superior to the kidneys
 ___________________: Out layers of the adrenal glands
 ___________________: Inner layers of the adrenal glands,
nervous tissue acts as part of the SNS
 Review Cushing’s Syndrome and Addison’s Disease
Supplemental Instruction
1060 Hixson-Lied Student Success Center  294-6624  www.si.iastate.edu
Endocrine Gland
Hormone
produced
Growth Hormone
(GH)
Anterior
Pituitary
Define tropic:
Tropic
Regulation from
Hypothalamus:
1. GHRH
2. GHIH
Target
Organs
a. Bone
b. Skeletal
muscle
c. Adipose
tissue
d. Liver
Thyroid-Stimulating
Hormone (TSH)
Target cells
Adrenocorticotropic
Hormone (ACTH)
Adrenal
cortex (zona
fasciculata)
Effects on Targets
a.
b.
c.
Follicle-Stimulating
Hormone (FSH)
Males:
Luteinizing
Hormone (LH)
Females:
a.
b.
Not
tropic
c.
Posterior Pituitary
Prolactin (PRL)
Mammary
glands
Oxytocin
Smooth muscle contraction:
a.
b.
Antidiuretic
Hormone (ADH)
Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Hormone
All cells in the
body
Calcitonin
Parathyroid gland
Increase ____ and heat production
a. __________ osteoclast activity
b. __________ calcium uptake in
bone
Parathyroid
Hormone (PTH)
Kidneys and
bone
a. ___________ osteoclasts to
break down bone
b. ________ blood levels of calcium
Supplemental Instruction
1060 Hixson-Lied Student Success Center  294-6624  www.si.iastate.edu
Endocrine Gland
Hormone
produced
Mineralcorticoids
(Aldosterone)
Target
Organs
Zona fasciculata
Glucocorticoids
(Cortisol)
Body
a. Resist ___________
b. Keep blood sugar constant
c. Maintain blood volume and
prevent water shift into tissue
Zona reticularis
Gonadocorticoids
(Androgens)
Body
a. Onset of ____________
b. Appearance of secondary sex
characteristics
Adrenal medulla
Epinephrine and
Norepinephrine
Body
Pancreas
Glucagon (Alpha)
Adrenal Cortex
Zona
glomerulosa
Effects on Targets
a.
b.
a. ___________________:
breakdown glycogen into glucose
b. ___________________:
synthesis of glucose
“Fasting hormone”
c.
Insulin (Beta)
Body
“Fed hormone”
Somatostatin
(Delta)
Pancreatic
Polypeptide
(F cells)
Regulates release of pancreatic
digestive enzymes
Female gonads
Estrogens and
Progesterone
a. Maturation of reproductive organs
b. Appearance of secondary sex
characteristics
Male gonads
Testosterone
a. Maturation of reproductive organs
b. Appearance of secondary sex
characteristics
c.
Pineal Gland
Thymus
Melatonin
Thymopoeitin and
Thymosin
Body
Aids in development of T
lymphocytes of the immune system
Supplemental Instruction
1060 Hixson-Lied Student Success Center  294-6624  www.si.iastate.edu