Download biodiversity section ii- environmental drivers-revised 2-g

I.
BIODIVERSITY & DRIVERS (= processes & functions)
[Susan HANNA,Christopher BENE, Gilles BOEUF, Gary CARVALHO,
Maurice HERAL, Olivier THEBAUD (SG), Harold LEVREL (SG), Jean
BOUCHER (SG)
Section Structure:
- Comments on links between biodiversity and ecosystem function- including
recent studies
-Biodiversity dynamics (level of knowledge to address that ? genetic –
population –scales ) – how to represent the system ?
- Drivers dynamics (cf review Olivier – ‘Chaloupe’ figure)
- Climate-biodiversity interactions
- Various human uses interactions with biodiversity
Need a strong interaction and feedbacks with Group 1 to elaborate the review…
Draft notes
Membership of SectionII
Susan Hanna (coordinator for Human Drivers) (SH)
Gary Carvalho (coordinator for Environmental Drivers) (GRC)
Christopher Béné (CB)
Jean Boucher (JB)
Gilles Boeuf (GB)
Simon Jennings (SJ)
Harold Levrel (HL)
Olivier Thébaud (OT)
Introduction
I. Introductory comments on scope and principles and also why do we need to know
more abut marine biodiversity and ecosystem change/function ((GRC/SH)?
2. Introductory comments on Functional significance of biodiversity- including
recent studies (GRC)
A summary of recent empirical evidence not only on the role that marine biodiversity
can play in underpinning ecosystem services, but also how reduced biodiversity may
lead to an impaired functioning of ecosystem. Discuss briefly the potential for proxies
of ecosystem function (e.g. carbon fixation, nutrient regeneration) as indicators of
stress and resilience in relation to environmental change. One important approach to
monitoring of biodiversity dynamics.
Cite empirical studies of the part 5 years on interactions between biodiversity status
and ecosystem functioning (genetic): The way the organisms cope with changes
The way the ecosystems are functioning…
Brief consideration/insights of environmental differences that strongly distinguish the
structural and functional attributes of marine and terrestrial biota
3. Biodiversity dynamics – identifying the appropriate scale to describe and monitor
(population, species, community, ecosystem) (GRC)
Conceptual model of biodiversity dynamics – representation – useful to assess
scenarios in biodiversity dynamics ? (simplifications) ? Philippe Cury; GARY HAS
REQUESTED MORE DETAILS FROM PHILIPPE
A brief overview of the components of biodiversity- from populations to ecosystems,
with emphasis on the within-species components, high throughput techniques for
species-levels dynamics and the increasing role of “functional biodiversity”.
Scales : biogeographic - global vs local (e.g., consider global market – Tuna fisheries
- globalization)
Ranges of factors…. historical time (cf. Science paper)
Interactions with human activities
Natural vs anthropogenic factors - all effects are combined therefore require
assessment of synergies & interactions
Speed of changes in recent times (signature of stress) rather than absolute values
Uncertainties & Complexities
Biodiversity should be considered as impacted by various pressure which synergies
should be assessed (OK =1 – 2 boxes on fishery examples – difficult to do it on other
drivers/pressures ? – climate change)
4. Discussion of ways to conceptualize: (HL/SH?)
3 kind of models
- DPSIR [European EA model]
- PSR model [OECD model]
- MEA model [UN]
4. Discussion of our model (SJ/SH?)
5. Environmental drivers and dynamics: (GRC/SJ/JB/GB?)
Suggested framework: to consider primary drivers over two time-scales- evolutionary
and ecological- with some consideration of how these differ
Evolutionary time-scales – (GRC + ??? ) (slow trajectory of increase punctuated by
mass extinctions) - e.g. climate, tectonic/geological, global patterns,
Ecological time-scales – (SJ, JB, GB + ???) human threats (plus natural? variation) –
rapid decline – e.g. overfishing, global warming, biological introductions, pollution,
etc- here a brief consideration of the ecological ongoing factors such as competition,
predation, pathogens, disease, physical factors such as oceanographic and
oceanographic features (local, regional and global processes) - changes in
environment/communities might shift dynamics of ecological factors, resulting in
shifts in various levels of biodiversity (e.g. impacts of disturbance on the approx. non
linear increase during successional change over time in species richness, evenness
and functional) .
Response to disturbance – resilience – require experimental approach to
assess resilience (?)
Balanced between aquaculture & fishery activities (interactions) – Example of
Penaeus aquaculture in Greece due to introduction as well as Lessepsian species
migration
Invasive species : Crepidula + macroalgae in Thau lagoon
Vectors of introduction (ballast waters, aquaculture….)
6. Human drivers and initial comments on interactions
Harold : 3 kind of models
- DPSIR [European EA model]
- PSR model [OECD model]
- MEA model [UN]
….should consider what science should be carried out according to each model …
Aim :Need to understand the relationships and complexities of the systems. –
functional ecology –
Empirical studies – paper 5 years ago on interactions between biodiversity status and
ecosystem functioning (genetic)
….The way the organisms cope with changes
… The way the ecosystems are functioning…
Review synthesis Generic comments:
Dynamics of human activities [trends & constaints] - Human activities should also
adapt to biodiversity changes – adaptability (?) –
Economy : economic & social
How biodiversity changes ? due to several pressure….(example? Climate –
fishing….
And/or
How the indirect pressure – human changes – uses … therefore impacting biodiversity
(example ? regulation)…
(actually not the same science involved in the 2 previous examples)
explanation for a fishery collapse: 2 ways to assess…
Social science obviously required for human changes assessment
Scales : biogeographic - global vs local (e.g., consider global market – Tuna
fisheries - globalization)
Interactions with human activities
Natural vs anthropogenic factors - all effects are combined therefore require
assessment of synergies & interactions
Small scale fisheries = large pressure on biodiversity – bycatch (ecosystem approach
for assessment)
- Dynamics - including economics
-
- Ressource rarity to deal with (?) vs economics (eg Herring – cf Olivier) – Tuna
fishery
Coral reef fisheries …(eg.. the last fish will be more valuable…)
Scientific diagnosis on shrimp fishery led to overexploitation due to wrong
assessments (cf Jacques)
Matching observations between biological observations and fishing dynamics (?)
Others activities: extraction, mining …
Other indirect pressure : human population migration towards coastal areas
Refers to the MSFD list of pressures (annex 3 ?)
Overexploitation and cascading effects (eg shark fishery) – critical for whole
ecosystem functioning - including at the physiological level (eg reproduction)
Dynamics of human activities [trends & constaints] - Human activities should also
adapt to biodiversity changes – adaptability (?) –
Oceans : peculiarity of marine species migration and distribution (vs terrestrial)
Economy : economic & social
Quantify the processes – require tools and modelling (3rd section or 2nd ??)
Existing tools to remediate biodiversity loss (e.g. MPAs) – conservation tools –
regulation tools – decision-making that impact biodiversity How policy influences
changes ? Spatial and temporal scales (eg fishery – space allocation – ‘no-take’ zone
leading to investment or de-investment – research on that be listed (?) – Management
options - Governance
Typology of main drivers ? quiet similar to fishery drivers ? fishery = sub model –
taken as an example
Other frameworks such as MEA (already validated)
Direct drivers vs indirect drivers (MPAs) – how policy measures impact biodiversity
uses ? (cf Harold) - certification processes (seafood labelling)
How biodiversity changes ? due to several pressure….(example? Climate – fishing….
And/or
How the indirect pressure – human changes – uses … therefore impacting
biodiversity (example ? regulation)…
(actually not the same science involved in the 2 previous examples)
explanation for a fishery collapse: 2 ways to assess…
Social science obviously required for human changes assessment
Requirement in field of science and tools:
Science: Social sciences - political sciences – conservation –
Fields : framework - modelling – ecological modelling – macro ecology –
experimental ecology - evolution mechanisms – spatial modelling - ecophysiology –
genomics (genes candidates) –bioeconomic modelling –