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AP Biology: Protein Synthesis Study Guide
Key Terms
anticodon
a-site
codon
enhancer
e-site
exon
frameshift mutation
histone
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
intron
lysogenic infection
lytic infection
mG cap
micrRNA
mRNA
microRNA
nucleosome
operator
inducible operon
repressible operon
point mutation
poly-A tail
promoter
p-site
splicing
regulatory gene
repressor
reverse transcription
RNA interference
RNA polymerase
RNA processing
rRNA
terminator
transcription factor
transcription
translation
tRNA
tRNA charging
Protein synthesis occurs in two stages: transcription and translation. State the purpose of each.
Why must the genetic code be written in triplets of nucleotides?
From where do ribosomes orginate?
Describe the relationship between a DNA triplet, a codon, and an anticodon.
What is the evolutionary significance of the genetic code?
Briefly outline the process of transcription. Compare it to and contrast it with DNA replication.
Why are promoters and transcription factors important to transcription?
Why are the ends of an mRNA altered?
State the purpose of transcription and where it takes place. Briefly describe the process, including initiation,
elongation and termination.
10. What is the difference between the RNA transcript and the mRNA strand?
11. What is splicing and it’s purpose? When does it take place?
12. RNA polymerase has no proofreading capacity. How does this affect the error rate in transcription
compared with DNA replication?
13. Why do you think it is more important for DNA polymerase than for RNA polymerase to proofread?
14. How does the change in genotype lead to a change in phenotype?
15. Describe the roles of mRNA and the codon.
16. How is the elongation of the new polypeptide accomplished?
17. State the purpose of translation and where it takes place. Briefly describe the process, including initiation,
elongation and termination.
18. Draw and label the parts of charged tRNAs given a DNA sequence.
19. Describe the different base substitution mutations and the results of each.
20. What is a frameshift mutation and how does it affect the outcome of the protein?
21. Is the result of a point or frameshift mutation more harmful to the organism? Explain how.
22. In what ways are mutations helpful, harmful or have no effect? Give specific examples.
23. In what way does protein synthesis ensure that the protein is correctly made?
24. What forms can a viral genome take?
25. Describe the lytic and lysogenic infection cycles. Compare & contrast how they allow viruses to spread.
26. Describe the life cycle of a retrovirus.
27. Describe the basic concept of the operon, including the role of each of the following: promoter, regulatory
gene, operator, genes, repressor
28. Explain the difference between how an inducible operon and a repressible operon turn the gene on or off.
29. What is the ideal structure/packaging of DNA for transcription? Why?
30. Why do prokaryotic cells turn genes on/off?
31. What role does gene regulation (on/off) have in eukaryotic cells?
32. What are the molecules & their roles involved in gene regulation in eukaryotic cells?
33. How is the translation of a protein limited? Describe the roles of the poly-A tail and microRNAs.