Download 1 Lecture 34 – Cell Cycle Control and Cancer Genetics I. Cancers

Lecture 34 – Cell Cycle Control and Cancer Genetics
I. Cancers result from genetic alterations
A. majority of cancers caused by somatic mutations
1. spontaneous mutations
2. environmental mutagens
- UV light increases risk of skin cancer
- cigarette smoke increases risk of respiratory tract cancer
B. some predispositions to cancer are inherited
C. definitions
1. oncogene
2. proto-oncogene
3. viral or cellular oncogenes
4. tumor suppressor
II. Hallmarks of cancer
A. excessive cell proliferation
B. metastasis
C. an overview:
cell proliferation
abnormal proliferation
tumor
metastasis
Generally multiple
mutations
required for cell
to become
cancerous
cancer
III. Cell cycle regulation
A. Phases of the cell cycle
1. G1 – Gap between end of mitosis and DNA
synthesis
2. S – DNA replication occurs
3. G2 – gap between DNA synthesis and mitosis
4. M – mitosis and cytokinesis
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B. How to study cell cycle control:
1. treat with
mutagen
(like EMS)
3. replica
plate
6. screen ts colonies
for arrest at specific
point in cell cycle
2. plate at
permissive
temperature
4. plate at
restrictive
temperature
5. screen for ts
mutants
C. Cyclin-dependent kinases ensure proper cell cycle timing
1. yeast mutants identified cell-division cycle (CDC) genes
- why yeast?
- similar cell-cycle control system as humans
- reproduce rapidly
- genes can be deleted, replaced or altered
- can proliferate in haploid state
D. regulation of cell cycle
1. several important points in cycle (2
shown)
- regulated by activity of dimeric protein
complex
CDK = cyclin dependent kinase (kinases
add phosphate to target proteins)
cyclin = protein whose level changes
through cell cycle
CDK
(inactive)
2
CDK1:cyclin D or E
(active)
cyclin
CKDK1:cyclin B
(active)
CDK:cyclin
(active)
2. Cyclin/CDK regulate cell cycle transitions
- cells use four classes of cyclin/CDK complexes
3. other proteins regulate CDK:cyclins, or are regulated by them
Rb = retinoblastoma (a tumor suppressor)
E2F = transcription factor
Rb
CDK = cyclin dependent kinase
E2F
cyc = cyclin
CDK
CDK
cyc
E2F
+
Rb
P
CDKcyc
cyc
E. checkpoints – cell determines if ready for next step
- eg: is S complete, is DNA OK?
- if yes, cell proceeds to M
- if no, cell arrests until
problem fixed
- how do checkpoints work?
- consider DNA damage before S
Rb = retinoblastoma (a tumor suppressor)
E2F = transcription factor
CDK = cyclin dependent kinase
cyc = cyclin
p53 = tumor suppressor
p21 = CDK inhibitor
DNA
damage
CDK
Rb
E2F
p21
p53
cyc
CDK
CDKcyc
cyc
3
E2F
+
Rb
P
IV. Apoptosis – programmed cell death
A. excess cells produced during development destined to die
- example: webbing between digits
B. cells that may become cancerous also can be killed by apoptosis
- better to lose a few cells than to develop cancer
- intracellular proteases degrade proteins, kill cell
- caspases
- initial signal may be from outside cell or inside
C. Two interconnected cell death
pathways
V. Cancer
A. Major human medical problem
B. Cancers are descendants of one cell, accumulate
mutations
C. Cancer typically requires multiple mutations
- best understood in colon cancer because
intermediates isolated
D. various types of cancer – promoting genetic
alterations
1. point mutations
2. loss of domains
3. gene fusions
4. misexpression
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5. extensive chromosome abnormalities common in cancers
E. Familial cancer syndromes
1. some result from mutation in DNA
repair genes
2. familial adenomatous polyposis coli (FAP)
3. Li-Fraumeni syndrome
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