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Summer School Biology First Session Final Exam Review Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____ 1. Amino acid is to protein as simple sugar is to ____ 2. The process of making changes in the DNA code of a living organism is called ____ 3. The Calvin cycle is another name for ____ 4. What is a valid hypothesis for why a plant appears to be dying? ____ 5. What is a catalysts? ____ 6. Cyclins are a family of closely related proteins that ____ 7. The two main sources of genetic variation are ____ 8. True or false? RNA molecules are made of nucleotides. ____ 9. A single species that has evolved into several different forms that live in different ways has undergone ____ 10. Cancer affects ____ 11. Situations in which one allele for a gene is not completely dominant over another allele for that gene are called ____ 12. Which organelle breaks down food into particles the cell can use? ____ 13. The main function of the cell wall is to ____ 14. When the concentration of molecules on both sides of a membrane is the same, the molecules will ____ 15. Gene maps are based on ____ 16. One difference between cell division in plant cells and in animal cells is that plant cells have ____ 17. Cellular respiration releases energy by breaking down ____ 18. One function of gel electrophoresis is to ____ 19. List the levels of organization in a multicellular organism from the simplest level to the most complex level. ____ 20. What is the correct combination of sex chromosomes that represents a female? ____ 21. Gametes are produced by the process of ____ 22. What percentage of human sperm cells carry an X chromosome? ____ 23. During normal mitotic cell division, a parent cell having four chromosomes will produce two daughter cells, each containing ____ 24. About gene pools: true or false: They contain two or more alleles for each inheritable trait. ____ 25. Cancer is a disorder in which some cells have lost the ability to control their ____ 26. The principle of dominance states that ____ 27. Which organelle would you expect to find in plant cells but not animal cells? ____ 28. As a cell becomes larger, its ____ 29. The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is called ____ 30. What kind of cell (or cells) was used to make Dolly? ____ 31. In science, a hypothesis is useful only if ____ 32. The failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis is called ____ 33. People who are heterozygous for sickle cell disease are generally healthy because ____ 34. If a man with blood type A and a woman with blood type B produce an offspring, what might be the offspring’s blood type? ____ 35. Which term refers to cells having different jobs in an organism? ____ 36. What are chromosomes made of? ____ 37. During DNA replication, a DNA strand that has the bases CTAGGT produces a strand with the bases ____ 38. In humans, how many X and Y chromosomes does a male have? ____ 39. What is most likely to bring together two recessive alleles for a genetic defect? ____ 40. A map of eastern North America, showing the pH of rainfall in the various states, indicates that the pH of rain in New York State varies from 4.22 to 4.40. According to these figures, the most acidic rainfall in New York State has a pH of ____ 41. What kind of technique do scientists use to make transgenic organisms? ____ 42. What kind of organic molecule is a monosaccharide is a ____ 43. Variation in human skin color is a result of ____ 44. Charles Darwin’s observation that finches of different species on the Galápagos Islands have many similar physical characteristics supports the hypothesis that these finches ____ 45. If two DNA samples showed an identical pattern and thickness of bands produced by gel electrophoresis, the samples contained ____ 46. If an organism’s diploid number is 12, its haploid number is ____ 47. Eukaryotes usually contain ____ 48. Colorblindness is more common in males than in females because ____ 49. What is the correct equation for cellular respiration? ____ 50. The crossing of buffalo and cattle to produce beefalo is an example of ____ 51. List the phases of mitosis in their proper sequence? ____ 52. The process by which two species, for example, a flower and a pollinating insect, evolve in response to each other is called ____ 53. Which type of RNA functions as a blueprint of the genetic code? ____ 54. Identify the reactant(s) in the chemical reaction, CO2 + H2O → H2CO3. ____ 55. What is found in both DNA and RNA? ____ 56. If a mutation introduces a new skin color in a lizard population, which factor might determine whether the frequency of the new allele will increase? ____ 57. What is the term used to describe the energy needed to get a reaction started? ____ 58. A pattern in which species experience long, stable periods interrupted by brief periods of rapid evolutionary change is called ____ 59. What are the ways in which natural selection affects the distribution of phenotypes? ____ 60. A mutation that involves a single nucleotide is called a(an) ____ 61. What are used in the overall reactions for photosynthesis? ____ 62. Which organelle makes proteins using coded instructions that come from the nucleus? ____ 63. Human females produce egg cells that have how many chromosomes? ____ 64. Breeders induce mutations in organisms to ____ 65. During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up along the middle of the dividing cell? ____ 66. You state that the presence of water could accelerate the growth of bread mold. This is a(an) ____ 67. In each generation, the wings of experimental fruit flies were clipped short for fifty generations. The fifty-first generation emerged with normal-length wings. This observation would tend to disprove the idea that evolution is based on a. inheritance of natural variations. b. inheritance of acquired characteristics. c. natural selection. d. survival of the fittest. ____ 68. DNA replication results in two DNA molecules, ____ 69. Gametes have ____ 70. Why do normal cells grown in a petri dish tend to stop growing once they have covered the bottom of the dish? ____ 71. When during the cell cycle are chromosomes visible? ____ 72. Which characteristics of living things best explains why birds fly south for the winter? ____ 73. Selective breeding produces ____ 74. The process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells is called ____ 75. What is the nucleotide found in DNA? ____ 76. DNA is copied during a process called ____ 77. Which organelles help provide cells with energy? ____ 78. If a specific kind of protein is not continually used by a cell, the gene for that protein is ____ 79. The Calvin cycle takes place in the ____ 80. Enzymes affect the reactions in living cells by changing the ____ 81. What is the ultimate source of genetic variability? ____ 82. Name organisms that are prokaryotes. ____ 83. What happens between meiosis I and meiosis II that reduces the number of chromosomes? ____ 84. When during the cell cycle is a cell’s DNA replicated? ____ 85. The combined genetic information of all members of a particular population is the population’s ____ 86. A Punnett square shows ____ 87. The process by which organisms keep their internal conditions relatively stable is called ____ 88. Which organelle converts food into compounds that the cell uses for growth, development, and movement? ____ 89. Which organic compounds is the main source of energy for living things? ____ 90. Organisms, such as plants, that make their own food are called ____ 91. During translation, the type of amino acid that is added to the growing polypeptide depends on the ____ 92. Organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait are said to be ____ 93. RNA contains the sugar ____ 94. What is the role of the spindle during mitosis? ____ 95. Many sex-linked genes are located on ____ 96. When Gregor Mendel crossed a tall plant with a short plant, the F1 plants inherited ____ 97. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from ____ 98. Biology is the study of ____ 99. What is an advantage of using transgenic bacteria to produce human proteins? ____ 100. Genetic engineering involves ____ 101. A controlled experiment allows the scientist to isolate and test ____ 102. Lactic acid fermentation occurs in ____ 103. What is a function of the cell membrane? ____ 104. Charles Darwin called the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment ____ 105. Which type(s) of RNA is(are) involved in protein synthesis? ____ 106. Energy is released from ATP when ____ 107. What is determined by multiple alleles? ____ 108. What happens during the process of translation? ____ 109. An animal cell that is surrounded by fresh water will burst because the osmotic pressure causes ____ 110. Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into ____ 111. Prokaryotes lack ____ 112. The two main stages of cell division are called ____ 113. The most abundant compound in most living things is ____ 114. Which cell structure contains the cell’s genetic material and controls the cell’s activities? ____ 115. As a cell grows, it ____ 116. In E. coli, the lac operon controls the ____ 117. When lions prey on a herd of antelopes, some antelopes are killed and some escape. Which part of Darwin’s concept of natural selection might be used to describe this situation? a. acquired characteristics b. reproductive isolation c. survival of the fittest d. descent with modification ____ 118. According to Darwin’s theory of natural selection, individuals who survive are the ones best adapted for their environment. Their survival is due to the ____ 119. Genes contain instructions for assembling ____ 120. Cell specialization in multicellular organisms allows cells to ____ 121. True or False: All enzymes work inside cells. ____ 122. Information gathered from observing a plant grow 3 cm over a two-week period results in ____ 123. What is a tumor? ____ 124. What is the approximate probability that a human offspring will be female? ____ 125. Unlike mitosis, meiosis results in the formation of ____ 126. A DNA molecule produced by combining DNA from different sources is known as ____ 127. What is the function of the cytoskeleton? ____ 128. The cell theory applies to ____ 129. Gregor Mendel used pea plants to study ____ 130. What is produced during transcription? ____ 131. Offspring that result from crosses between true-breeding parents with different traits ____ 132. What are the events of the cell cycle? ____ 133. Define Linked genes ____ 134. In eukaryotes, DNA are what shape? ____ 135. Why is the nucleus important to cells? Biology Summer Session 1 Final Possible Essays 1. A number of rats are divided into two groups: One group is fed a normal diet, while the other group is fed the same diet but with one necessary mineral left out. The animals receiving the normal diet remained healthy; those in the other group grew weaker. Formulate a hypothesis based on this experiment. 2. What are the four groups of organic compounds found in living things? Figure 7-1 3. Identify each of the cell structures indicated in Figure 7-1. Use these terms: nucleus, mitochondrion, ribosome, cell membrane, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, rough endoplasmic reticulum, nucleolus, Golgi apparatus, cytoplasm. Figure 9-1 4. Based on Figure 9-1, which type of fermentation does NOT give off carbon dioxide? Explain your answer. Figure 10-1 5. The main events of the cell cycle are labeled A, B, C, and D in Figure 10-1. Name these events. Then, briefly state what happens during each event. 6. Complete the Punnett Square and give the genotypic and phenotypic ratios. Black(B) fur is dominant over brown(b) fur. What are the possible outcomes if a homozygous Black cat is crossed with a heterozygous black cat? 7. Contrast the functions of the three main types of RNA 8. What is a transgenic organism? 9. What evidence did Charles Darwin collect in addition to specimens of organisms alive during his time? Figure 8-6 10. Interpreting Graphics Look at Figure 8-6. What are the products of the light-dependent reactions? USING SCIENCE SKILLS The pedigree shows the inheritance of free earlobes and attached earlobes in five generations of a family. Attached earlobes are caused by a recessive allele (f). Half-shaded symbols are NOT used in this pedigree to show carriers of the allele. Figure 14-2 11. Inferring Is individual 2 in Figure 14-2 homozygous or heterozygous for free earlobes? Explain. 12. Interpreting Graphics In Figure 14-2, how many children of individuals 4 and 5 have attached earlobes? 13. Predicting Predict the genotype and phenotype of individual 14 in Figure 14-2.