Download Biology Reporting Category 5: Interdependence within

Biology Reporting Category
5: Interdependence within Environmental Systems
Name: ________________
Ecology Overview
Levels of Organization in
Ecology
Biosphere
Ecosystem
Community
Population
Individual
(species)
Ecosystem stability refers to the
ability of an ecosystem to maintain
its structure and function over long
periods of time and despite
disturbances. It has resistance
and resilience.
Ecosystem Structures and Functions
Ecosystem structure includes physical and geological structures
of the landscape, species diversity, species population sizes,
and the interactions of the populations.
Ecosystem function refers to water and nutrient cycling and
biomass productivity within the ecosystem.
Parasitism
Mutualism
Commensalism
Symbiotic Relationships
Organism Relationships
Type
Characteristics
Two organisms of different species
have a relationship where one
organism benefits and the other is
harmed
Predation
Competition
Examples
Fleas and dogs
Caterpillars and plant leaves
Hookworm and humans
Caterpillar and wasp larva
Two organisms of different species
“work together” so each benefits
from the relationship
Bees and flowers
Spider crab and algae
Oxpecker birds and zebras
Two organisms of different species
have a relationship where one
organism benefits and the other is
neither helped nor harmed.
Spiders building webs on plants
Cattle egret and cattle
Clownfish and sea anemone
Shark and remora
Epiphytes
The interaction between organisms
or species in which one is eaten by
the other; Predator-Prey relationship
The interaction between organisms
or species, in which the fitness of
one is lowered by the presence of
another
Predator-organism that
eats another organism
Prey-organism that the
predator eats
Competition can be over
resources between
different species
Competition can be over
resources among same
species
Lion eating water buffalo
A praying mantis eating a bee
Great blue heron eating a fish
Lions and leopards feed on the same
prey
A farm of rice paddies has weeds
growing throughout the field
Male deer defend territories from
other male deer
Native and non-native species filling
same niche
Some Factors that affect Ecosystem Stability
Industrial/urban development
Numbers of producers and consumers
Population count
Amount of precipitation
Pollution/Degradation of the land
Habitat destruction
Aquifer depletion
Wealth of country/state/county/city
Animals
Succession
Process by which a biological community evolves over time; sequence of community and ecosystem changes after a
disturbance; succession can produce a stable community (climax community).
Pioneer species are the first to colonize previously disrupted or damaged ecosystems.
Succession Type
Disturbance Events
Primary Succession occurs in essentially lifeless areas,
Lava flows, retreating glaciers, and newly formed sand
where no soil exists
dunes
Secondary succession occurs in areas where a
Hurricanes, tsunamis, earthquakes, and forest fires
community that previously existed has been removed (soil
still present); results of smaller-scale disturbances that do
not eliminate all life and nutrients from the environment
Succession Timeline
Small
Herbivores
Insects
Rodents
Birds
Barren
terrain
Weeds &
Grasses
Fireweed
Lupine
Shrubs,
Annuals,
Perennials
Berries
Wild rose
Largest
Herbivores &
Carnivores
Deer/elk
Coyotes/wolves
Bears
Climax
forest
Early Trees
Aspen
Alder
Willow
Birch
Late Trees
Spruce/Fir
Hemlock
Pine
Oak/Hickory
Beech/Maple
Plants
Pioneers/
Soil Builders
Lichens
Mosses
Etc.
Larger
Herbivores/
Small Carnivores
Rabbits
Raptors
Foxes
Snakes
Carbon Cycle
Carbon is recycled through respiration, photosynthesis,
fuel combustion, decomposition; carbon can be
atmospheric or dissolved in water (salt/fresh water);
carbon can be found in organic compounds within
organisms
Nitrogen Cycle
Producers take in nitrogen compounds in soil and pass to
consumers that consume the producers; decomposers
(bacteria) break down nitrogen compounds and release
nitrogen gas to the air or usable nitrogen to the soil
Food Chain
Single path of energy from producer to
consumer
Each level is called a trophic level (trophic =
energy)
Arrows point away from food source in direction
of energy transferred.
Only 10% of the available energy from food
source is transferred to the next trophic level;
the other 90% is lost as heat.
Food Webs
Interconnected Food Chains
[Note: Apex = top]
Shows all possible feeding relationships at each
trophic level in a community
Ecological Pyramid
Pyramid of Energy-each level represents energy
available at that level, 90% of energy is lost as
heat, only 10% of energy transfers up
Heat
Pyramid of Biomass-each level represents
amount of biomass the level above needs to
consume
Pyramid of Numbers-each level represents
number of organisms consumed by level above
it
First level contains most species
Energy can only move in one direction and is not
recycled within the pyramid
Common Terms
Organism
Producer
Consumer
Herbivore
Carnivore
Omnivore
Decomposer
Autotroph
Heterotroph
Abiotic
Biotic
Food (Energy) Source
Makes its own food
Gets food from other organisms
Gets food from eating only producers
Gets food from eating only animals (meat)
Gets food from eating producers (plants) and animals
Gets food from dead organisms or the waste of organisms
Makes its own food/energy from sunlight energy
Cannot make its own food/energy; must consume food/energy
Not living
Living
Example(s)
Any plant, phytoplankton, algae
Any animal
Mice, zooplankton, clam
Tiger, fish, foxes, wolves
Bear, geese, dolphins, squirrels
Bacteria, worms, fungi
Plants, algae
Animals
Water, weather, temperature
Animals, Plants, Fungi, Bacteria
Population Ecology
Exponential growth – occurs when the
individuals in a population reproduce at
a constant rate
(as a population gets larger, it also
grows at a faster rate)
– No limits on growth
– Under ideal conditions with
unlimited resources
– Could not occur indefinitely in
nature
Logistic growth – occurs when a
population’s growth slows or stops
- as resources become less available,
following a period of exponential growth
Carrying capacity – largest number of
individuals of a population that a given
environment can support
Reason population growth slows is due
to limiting factors.
Limiting factor – a factor that causes population growth to decrease
– Any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the existence, numbers, reproduction, or distribution
of organisms
– Examples
• Lack of food
• Overcrowding / Lack of space
• Competition for resources
• Disease
• Predators