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Psychology of Memory Key Questions • What is memory? • How do we form memories? • How do we retrieve memories? What is Memory? Write this definition in your own words • Human memory is an information-processing system that works constructively to encode, store, and retrieve information. • Question Do you consider yourself to have a “good” memory? What types of things are you able to easily remember? What factors impact whether you remember or forget something? What is your earliest childhood memory? Facts about children and memory • People cannot recall autobiographical memories before their third or fourth year. • Yet, two year olds have a remarkable memory when it comes to other things: • Where the cookie jar is hidden • Stories in books • Motor skills • Pair-Share: What is your earliest childhood memory? I Remember Mama and Dada • What did the author discover about the memories of his young son? • Why can’t we remember our second birthday party? • How can parents get children to develop stronger memories of their early childhood? Memory’s 3 Basic Tasks Encoding –converting sensory information into the format for memorization Selecting –choosing what sensory stimulus to convert Identifying –recognizing features of the stimulus Labeling –assigning meaning to the stimulus Storage –retaining information Retrieval –“to remember” Memory’s 3 Basic Tasks Using your book, notes or memory figure out what term these definitions describe. • 1) The process of modifying information to fit the preferred format for memory • Encoding • 2) Retention of encoded material overtime • Storage • 3) Bringing a properly encoded and stored memory to your conscious • Retrieval How do we form memories? Three Stages of Memory • Sensory Stage – split second memories of sensory data • Sights-sounds-smells-textures-tastes • Working Memory – can store up to seven items for 20-30 seconds • Connects new and old info, protects vs. info overload • Long-Term Memory – unlimited memories for indefinite amount of time Working Memory Test • I am going to read you a short story. Listen carefully because your memory of the story will be tested later. Sensory Memory • First Stage for basic sensory data • Holds 12-14 items for a fraction of second • George Sperling’s Experiment • How much data can your sensory memory hold? D J B W X H G N C L Y K Working Memory (ShortTerm) •The place where we think and remember •Holds 7 items (+ or – 2) 20-30 seconds •Selects info from Sensory memory, encodes it Structure of Working Memory • Central Executive –directs attention to memory retrieval or input form sensory memory • Phonological Loop –temporary sound storage • Acoustic Encoding –converts information, words into sound patterns • Sketchpad –Store and manipulate visual images • Visual + Spatial Encoding –Remembers where things are in space Working Memory Activity • Listen to the numbers – when you are instructed to “go” you should pick up your pencil and write as many of the numbers you can recall (in order) Chunking • Chunking – breaks items into smaller more memorable pieces ex. 517-694-5813 X I B M C I A F B I C B S M T V X I B M C I A F B I C B S M T V Rehearsal • Maintenance Rehearsal • Repeating words • Reduce other inputs crowding it out • Elaborative Rehearsal • Puts info into long term memory • Connecting new info with already known info Long-Term Memory (LTM) •Unlimited Capacity •Lifetime duration •Information is encoded by meaning Structure of Long-Term Memory Procedural Memory • Mental Directions “how to” • Doesn’t require conscious thought Declarative Memory Episodic Memory • Journal of your life • When and where Semantic Memory • Basic words and meanings How do we retrieve memories? • Implicit Memory • Unaware you know • Can affect your behavior • Often Procedural Memory • Explicit Memory • conscious recognition of knowledge Retrieval Cues •Memory as a search engine •Queries = Retrieval Cues Retrieval through Recall and Recognition • Recall: • Few Retrieval Cues/ Create and answer • Essay question • Names • Recognition: • Identify if you have previously experienced stimulus • Multiple Choice • Faces Recall • Who is the scientist associated with classical conditioning? • What are the four “schedules of reinforcement” identified by BF Skinner? Recognition Who discovered the principle of classical conditioning? a. Ivan Pavlov c. John B. Watson b. BF Skinner d. Edward Tolman Recognition Which of the following is NOT one of the four schedules of reinforcement? a. Fixed-ratio b. Fixed-interval c. Interval-ratio d. Variable-interval Think-Pair-Share • Compare your answers from slide 1 to the answers on slide 2 and 3 . • Which was “easier”? Why? • Do you think that they both show “equal” learning? Closer • Reconstruct the story you were read at the beginning • Include as many details from the story that you can