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Review for Exam #1 • • • • Covers Chapters 11-13 Multiple Choice True/False Short Answer Chapter 11 • • • • • • • Naming alkanes Structural formulas Isomers Cycloalkanes Haloalkanes Combustion of alkanes Functional Groups Naming Alkanes with Substituents Types of Structural Formulas Isomers of Pentane (C5H12) Isomers of pentane • have the same molecular formula. • have different structural arrangements. • consist of a straight chain and two branched chains. Structures of Cycloalkanes Cycloalkanes are often represented by skeletal formulas, which appear as a simple geometric figure. Naming Haloalkanes In a haloalkane, • halogen atoms replace hydrogen atoms. • substituents are numbered and arranged alphabetically. • alkanes with halogens can be named as alkyl halides; the carbon group is named as an alkyl group followed by the halide name. CH3—CH2—Cl CH3—Br IUPAC Name chloroethane bromomethane Common Name ethyl chloride methyl bromide Combustion of Alkanes Alkanes • contain single C—C bonds which are difficult to break. • are the least reactive group of organic compounds. • burn readily in the presence of oxygen. • undergo combustion to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy. Some Functional Groups 9 Chapter 12 • • • • • • Identifying alkenes and alkynes Naming alkenes and alkynes Naming cycloalkenes Geometrical isomers: cis- and transAddition reactions and markovnikov’s rule Polymers Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Unsaturated hydrocarbons • do not contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms that could be attached to each carbon atom. • are alkenes when they contain double C=C bonds. • are alkynes when they contain triple C≡C bonds. • http://www.bhsu.edu/danasu nskis/Courses/CHEM107/tabi d/12265/Default.aspx Guide to Naming Alkenes and Alkynes Naming Cycloalkenes When naming a cycloalkene, • if there are no substituents, the double bond does not need a number. • if there is a substituent, the carbons in the double bond are numbered as 1 and 2, and the ring is numbered from carbon 2 in the direction that will give the lower number to the substituent. cyclopentene 3-methylcyclohexene 3 1 2 Cis and Trans Isomers Cis and trans isomers • have the same formula, but different physical and chemical properties. • occur because double bonds in alkenes are rigid and cannot rotate. We add the prefix cis or trans to denote whether the atoms bonded to the carbon atoms are on the same side or the opposite sides of the double bond. Addition Reactions In addition reactions, • reactants add to the carbon atoms in double or triple bonds. • a double or triple bond is easily broken, providing electrons for new bonds. Addition Reactions There are different addition reactions as shown in Table 12.2. Markovnikov’s Rule In asymetrical alkenes, the H in HX adds to the carbon in the double bond that has the greater number of H atoms. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 11, Section 4 17 Polymerization In polymerization, small repeating units called monomers join to form a long chain polymer. Chapter 13 • • • • • • • • • Covers the material from today: Naming alcohols Phenol Naming thiols and ethers Cyclical ethers Classifying alcohols Solubility of alcohols and ethers Combustion and dehydration of alcohols Oxidation and reducton