Download Review for Exam #1

Review for Exam #1
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Covers Chapters 11-13
Multiple Choice
True/False
Short Answer
Chapter 11
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Naming alkanes
Structural formulas
Isomers
Cycloalkanes
Haloalkanes
Combustion of alkanes
Functional Groups
Naming Alkanes with
Substituents
Types of Structural
Formulas
Isomers of Pentane (C5H12)
Isomers of pentane
• have the same molecular formula.
• have different structural arrangements.
• consist of a straight chain and two branched chains.
Structures of Cycloalkanes
Cycloalkanes are often represented by skeletal
formulas, which appear as a simple geometric figure.
Naming Haloalkanes
In a haloalkane,
• halogen atoms replace hydrogen atoms.
• substituents are numbered and arranged
alphabetically.
• alkanes with halogens can be named as alkyl halides;
the carbon group is named as an alkyl group followed
by the halide name.
CH3—CH2—Cl
CH3—Br
IUPAC Name
chloroethane
bromomethane
Common Name ethyl chloride
methyl bromide
Combustion of Alkanes
Alkanes
• contain single C—C bonds which are difficult to break.
• are the least reactive group of organic compounds.
• burn readily in the presence of oxygen.
• undergo combustion to produce carbon dioxide, water,
and energy.
Some Functional Groups
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Chapter 12
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Identifying alkenes and alkynes
Naming alkenes and alkynes
Naming cycloalkenes
Geometrical isomers: cis- and transAddition reactions and markovnikov’s rule
Polymers
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Unsaturated hydrocarbons
• do not contain the maximum
number of hydrogen atoms
that could be attached to
each carbon atom.
• are alkenes when they
contain double C=C bonds.
• are alkynes when they
contain triple C≡C bonds.
• http://www.bhsu.edu/danasu
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Guide to Naming Alkenes and Alkynes
Naming Cycloalkenes
When naming a cycloalkene,
• if there are no substituents, the double bond does not need
a number.
• if there is a substituent, the carbons in the double bond are
numbered as 1 and 2, and the ring is numbered from
carbon 2 in the direction that will give the lower number
to the substituent.
cyclopentene
3-methylcyclohexene
3
1
2
Cis and Trans Isomers
Cis and trans isomers
• have the same formula, but
different physical and chemical
properties.
• occur because double bonds in
alkenes are rigid and cannot
rotate.
We add the prefix cis or trans to denote
whether the atoms bonded to the carbon
atoms are on the same side or the
opposite sides of the double bond.
Addition Reactions
In addition reactions,
• reactants add to the carbon atoms in double or
triple bonds.
• a double or triple bond is easily broken, providing
electrons for new bonds.
Addition Reactions
There are different addition reactions as shown in
Table 12.2.
Markovnikov’s Rule
In asymetrical alkenes, the H in HX adds to the
carbon in the double bond that has the greater
number of H atoms.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 11, Section 4
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Polymerization
In polymerization, small repeating units called
monomers join to form a long chain polymer.
Chapter 13
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Covers the material from today:
Naming alcohols
Phenol
Naming thiols and ethers
Cyclical ethers
Classifying alcohols
Solubility of alcohols and ethers
Combustion and dehydration of alcohols
Oxidation and reducton