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COMBINED VOLUME E1GH~H ALBERT M. CRAIG WILL IAM A. GRAHAM DONALD KAGAN STEVEN OZMENT FRANK M. TUR NER • • • • • ----PEARSON Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 EDITION Harvard University Harvard University Yale University Harvard University Yale University Brief Contents Human Origins and Early Civilizations to 500 B.C.E. 2 The Birth of Civilization 4 Four Great Revolutions in Thought and Religion 46 Empires and Cultures of the Ancient World, 1000 B.C.E. to 500 C.E. 3 4 5 6 7 Greek and Hellenistic Civilization 86 130 Iran, India, and Inner Asia to 200 C.E. 154 Africa: Early History to 1000 C.E . 182 Republican and Imperial Rome China's First Empire, 221 B.C.E.-589 C.E. 222 Consolidation and lnteraction of World Civilizations, 500 C.E. to 1500 C.E. 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Imperial China, 589-1368 244 The Emergence of East Asia: Japan, Korea, and Vietnam 274 Iran and SouthAsia, 200 C.E.-1000 C.E. 310 328 The Formation of Islamic Civilization, 622-1000 350 The Byzantine Empire and Western Europe to 1000 The Islamic World, 1000-1500 3 78 Ancient Civilizations of the Americas 402 Africa, ca. 1000-1700 4 32 Europe to the Early l 500s: Revival, Decline, and Renaissance 456 The World in Transition, 1500 to 1850 17 18 19 20 21 Europe 1500-1650: Expansion, Reformation, and Religious Wars 490 Conquest and Exploitation: The Development of the Transatlantic Economy East Asia in the Late Traditional Era 560 State Building and Society in Early Modern Europe 604 The Last Great Islamic Empires, 1500-1800 644 528 iii iv Brief Contents Enlightenment and Revolution in the Atlantic World, 1700-1850 22 23 24 ' -· Part 6 · lnto the Modern World, 1815-1949 25 26 27 28 Part 7 The Age of European Enlightenment 6 74 Revolutions in the Transatlantic World 706 Political Consolidation in Nineteenth-Century Europe and North America, 1815-1880 Northern Transatlantic Economy and Society, 1815-1914 778 Latin America from Independence to the l 940s 816 India, the Islamic Heartlands, and Africa, 1800-1945 844 Modern East Asia 878 Global Conflict and Change, 1900-Present 29 30 31 32 33 34 Imperialism and World War I 920 Depression, Europepan Dictators, and the American New Deal 952 World War Il 982 The West Since World War Il 1014 East Asia: The Recent Decades 1054 Postcolonialism and Beyond: Latin America, Africa, Asia, and the Middle East 1088 7 42 Contents Preface xxv Ahout the Authors xxxi HUMAN ORIGINS AND EARLY CIVILIZATIONS TO 500 B.C.E. 3 CHAPTER 2 FOUR GREAT REVOLUTIONS IN THOUGHT AND RELIGION 46 CHAPTER I THE BIRTH OF CIVILIZATION 4 Global Perspective: Civilizations 6 Comparing the Four Great Revolutions Early Humans and Their Culture 6 The Paleolithic Age 6 The Neolithic Age 8 The Bronze Age and the Birth oj Civilization Global Perspective: Philosophy and Religion 11 Early Civilizations in the Middle East to About 1000 B.C.E. 12 Mesopotamian Civilization 12 Egyptian Civilization 18 Ancient Near Eastern Empires 25 The Hittites 25 The Kassites 26 The Mitannians 26 The Assyrians 2 6 The SecondAssyrian Empire 27 The Neo-Babylonians 28 The Rise of Civilization in the Americas Review Questions 44 KeyTerms 45 48 49 Religion in India 56 "Hindu" and "Indian" 56 Historical Background 56 The Upanishadic Worldview 58 Mahavira and the Jain Tradition 60 The Buddha's Middle Path 61 The Religion of the Israelites 64 From Hebrew Nomads ta the Israelite Nation The Monotheistic Revolution 65 Early Indian Civilization 28 The Indus Civilization 28 The Vedic Aryan Civilization 31 Early Chinese Civilization 3 5 Neolithic Origins in the Yellow River Valley Early Bronze Age: The Shang 3 6 Late Bronze Age: The Western Zhou 3 7 IronAge: The Eastern Zhou 38 Philosophy in China Confucianism 51 Daoism 54 Legalism 55 46 35 64 Greek Philosophy 68 Reason and the Scientific Spirit 71 Political and Moral Philosophy - 73 Review Questions 79 KeyTerms 80 Religions of the World: Judaism 82 41 V xii Contents THE WORLD IN TRANSITION, ISOOTO 1850 489 CHAPTER 17 EUROPE 1500-1650: EXPANSION, REFORMATION, AND RELIGIOUS WARS 490 Global Perspective: European Expansion 492 The Discovery of a New World 493 The Portuguese Chart the Course 493 The Spanish Voyages of Christopher Columbus Impact on Europe andAmerica 495 4 95 Religions of the World: Christianity 526 CHAPTER 18 CONQUEST AND EXPLOITATION: THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TRANSATLANTIC ECONOMY 528 Global Perspective:The Atl anti c World Periods of European Overseas Expansion 530 530 The Reformation 496 Religion and Society 496 Popular Movements and Criticism oj the Church 497 Secular Control over Religious Life 497 The Northern Renaissance 497 Martin Luther and German Reformation to 1525 498 Zwingli and the Swiss Reformation 502 Anabaptists and Radical Protestants 503 John Calvin and the Genevan Reformation 503 Political Consolidation of the Lutheran Reformation 50 5 The English Reformation to 1553 506 Catholic Reform and Counter-Reformation 507 French and British Colonies in North America The Reformation's Achievements 508 Religion in Fifteenth-Century Life 508 Religion in Sixteenth-Century Life 510 Family Life in Early Modern Europe 510 The Columbian Exchange: Disease, Animals, and Agriculture 543 Diseases Enter the Americas 543 Animals andAgriculture 545 The Wars of Religion 5 12 · French Wars oj Religion ( 1562- 1598 ) 512 Imperial Spain and the Reign of Philip Il (1556-1598) 515 England and Spain ( 1558-1603) 516 The Thirty Years' War ( 1618-1648 ) 516 Slavery in the Americas 546 The Background of Slavery 546 Establishment of Slavery 548 The Plantation Economy and Transatlantic Trade Slavery on the Plantations 549 Superstition and Enlightenment: The Battle Within 519 Witch Hunts and Panic 519 Writers and Philosophers 520 Review Questions 525 Key Terms 525 Mercantilist Theory of Economic Exploitation 532 Establishment of the Spanish Empire in America 534 Conquest oj the Aztecs and the Incas 534 The Roman Catholic Church in SpanishAmerica 535 Economies of Exploitation in the Spanish Empire 537 Varieties of Economic Activity 5 3 7 Commercial Regulation and the Flata System Colonial Brazil 539 539 Africa and the Transatlantic Slave Trade 550 Slavery and Slaving in Africa 5 51 The African Side of the Transatlantic Trade 5 52 The Extent oj the Slave Yrade 553 Consequences oj the Slave Trade for Africa 554 Review Questions 5 58 Key Terms 559 541 549 xiii Contents CHAPTER 19 EAST ASIA IN THE LATE TRADITIONAL ERA 560 Global Perspective: East Asia in the Late Traditional Era 562 LATE IMPERIAL CHINA Ming (1368- 1644) and Qing (1644-1911) Dynasties 563 Land and People 5 64 Chinas Third Commercial Revolution 565 Political System 566 Ming-Qing Foreign Relations 572 Ming-Qing Culture 576 JAPAN Warring States Era (1467- 1600) War oj AllAgainstAll 578 Foot Soldier Revolution 5 80 Foreign Relations and Trade 581 578 Tokugawa Era (1600- 1868) 583 Political Engineering and Economic Growth During the Seventeenth Century 583 Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries 588 Tokugawa Culture 590 KOREA AND VIETNAM Korea 597 Early History 597 Korea: The Choson Era Vietnam 599 Early History 599 Late Traditional Vietnam Review Questions 603 Key Terms 603 597 600 CHAPTER 20 STATE BUILDING AND SOCIETY IN EARLY MODERN EUROPE 604 Global Perspective: Early M odern Eu rope 606 European Political Consolidation 607 Two Models oj European Political Development 607 Towards Parliamentary Government in England 608 The "Glorious Revolution" 609 Rise oj Absolute Monarchy in France: The World oj Louis XIV 61 O Years oj Personal Rule 611 Russia Enters the European Political Arena 613 Birth oj the Romanov Dynasty 613 Peter the Great 613 The Habsburg Empire and the Pragmatic Sanction The Rise oj Prussia 617 616 European Warfare: From Continental to World Conflict 618 The Wars oj Louis XIV 61 8 The Eighteenth-Century Colonial Arena 620 War oj ]enkins's Ear 620 The War oj the Austrian Succession ( 1740-17 48) 620 The Seven Years' War ( 1756-1763) 621 The Old Regime 622 Maintenance oj Tradition 622 Hierarchy and PTivilege 622 Aristocracy 624 The Land and Its Tillers 624 Peasants and Serfs 624 Family Structures and the Family Economy The Family Economy 627 Women and the Family Economy 628 627 The Revolution in Agriculture 628 New Crops and New Methods 631 Population Expansion 632 The Eighteenth-Century Industrial Revolution: An Event in World History 632 Industrial Leadership oj Great Britain 633 European Cities 637 Patterns oj Preindustrial Urbanization Urban Classes 637 63 7 The Jewish Population: Age of the Ghetto Review Questions 641 Key Terms 643 638 CHAPTER 21 THE LAST GREAT ISLAMIC EMPIRES, 1500-1800 644 Global Perspective:The Last Great lslamic Empires 646 The Ottoman Empire and the East Mediterranean World 647 Origins and Development oj the Ottoman State Bejore1600 647 The "Classical" Ottoman Order 649 After Suleyman: Challenges and Change 651 The Decline oj Ottoman Military and Political Power 654 xiv Contents The Safavid Empire and the WestAsian World Origins 655 Shah Abbas I 657 Safavid Decline 657 Culture and Learning 659 655 The Mughals 660 Origins 660 Akbar's Reign 660 The Last Great Mughals 660 Sikhs and Marathas 661 Political Decline 662 Religious Developments 662 Central Asia: Islamization in the Post-Timur Era 664 Uzbeks and Chaghatays 664 Consequences oj the Shi'ite Rift 665 Power Shifts in the Southern Oceans Southern-Oceans Trade 665 Control oj the Southern Seas 666 The East Indies: Acheh 667 Review Questions 669 Key Terms 670 665 ENLIGHTENMENT AND REVOLUTION IN THE ATLANTIC WORLD, 1700- 1850 673 CHAPTER 22 THE AGE OF EUROPEAN ENLIGHTENMENT 674 Global Perspective:The European Enlightenment 676 The Scientific Revolution 6 7 6 Nicolaus Copernicus Rejects an Earth-Centered Universe 6 78 Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler 679 Galileo Galilei 680 Francis Bacon: The Empirical Method 680 Isaac Newton Discovers the Laws oj Gravitation 682 Women in the World oj the Scientific Revolution 683 John Locke 684 The Enlightenment 686 Voltaire 686 The E ncyclopedia 68 6 The Enlightenment and Religion 687 Deism 687 Toleration 688 Islam in Enlightenment Thought 690 The Enlightenment and Society 692 Montesquieu and The Spirit oj the Laws 692 Adam Smith on Economic Growth and Social Progress 692 Rousseau 694 Enlightened Critics oj European Empire 695 Women in the Thought and Practice oj the Enlightenment 696 Enlightened Absolutism 698 Joseph Il oj Austria 700 Catherine the Great oj Russia 701 The Partition oj Poland 703 Review Questions 704 Key Terms 705 CHAPTER 23 REVOLUTIONS IN THE TRANSATLANTIC WORLD 706 Global Perspective: The Transatlantic Revolutions 708 Revolution in the British Colonies in North America 708 Resistance to the Imperial Search for Revenue American Political Ideas 710 C risis and Independence 7 10 Revolution in France 712 Revolutions oj 1789 713 Reconstruction oj France 714 A Second Revolution 717 The Reign oj Terror and I ts Aftermath The Napoleonic Era 722 71 9 708 Contents The Congress oj Vienna and the European Settlement 728 XV Early-Nineteenth-Century Political Liberalism Politics 748 Economics 749 Relationship oj Nationalism and Liberalism 749 Liberalism and Nationalism in Modern World History 749 Wars of Independence in Latin America 731 Eighteenth-Century Developments 731 First Movements Tawards Independence 731 San Martin in Rio de la Plata 732 Simon Bolivar's Liberation oj Venezuela 732 Independence in New Spain 733 Brazilian Independence 735 Towards the Abolition of Slavery in the Transatlantic Economy 736 Review Questions 739 Key Terms 741 Efforts to Liberalize Early-Nineteenth-Century European Political Structures 750 Russia: The Decembrist Revolt oj 1825 and the Autocracy oj Nicholas I 750 Revolution in France ( 1830) 750 The Great Reform Bill in Britain (1832) 751 1848: Year oj Revolutions in Europe 755 Testing the New American Republic Towards Sectional Conflict 756 The Abolitionist Movement 759 CHAPTER 24 POLITICAL CONSOLIDATION IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA, 742 748 756 The Canadian Experience 7 62 Road to Self-Government 762 Keeping a Distinctive Culture 763 Midcentury Political Consolidation in Europe 7 63 The Crimean War 763 Italian Unification 763 German Unification 766 The Franco-Prussian War and the German Empire · 768 Global Perspective: European and North American Political Consolidation 744 The Emergence of Nationalism in Europe 744 Creating Nations 746 Meaning oj Nationhood 746 Regions oj Nationalistic Pressure in Europe 748 Unrest of Nationalities in Eastern Europe 768 Racial Theory and Anti-Semitism 771 Anti-Semitism and the Birth oj Zionism 771 Review Questions 774 Key Terms 775 INTO THE MODERN WORLD, 1815- 1949 777 Social Disabilities Confronted by All Women 786 New Employment Patterns for Women 788 Late-Nineteenth-Century Working-C lass Women 789 The Rise oj Political Feminism 790 CHAPTE~j> NORTHERN TRANSATLANTIC ECONOMY AND SOCIETY, 1815- 1914 778 Globa l Perspective:The Building of Northern Tran satlantic Supremacy 780 European Factory Workers and Urban Artisans Nineteenth-Century European Women 783 Women in the Early Industrial Revolution 783 781 Jewish Emancipation 792 Early Steps to Equal Citizenship Broadened Opportunities 792 792 European Labor, Socialism, and Politics to World War I 793 The Working Classes in the Late Nineteenth Century 793 xvi Contents Marxist Critique oj the Industrial Order 794 Germany: Social Democrats and Revisionism 79 5 Great Britain: The Labour Party and Fabianism 796 Russia: Industrial Development and the Birth oj Bolshevism 797 European Socialism in World History 800 North America and the New Industrial Economy 800 European Immigration to the United States Unions: Organization oj Labor 803 The Progressives 804 Social Reform 804 The Progressive Presidency 805 801 The Emergence of Modern European Thought 807 Darwins Theory oj Natural Selection 807 The Revolution in Physics 809 Friedrich Nietzsche and the Revolt Against Reason 810 The Birth oj Psychoanalysis 811 Islam and Late-Nineteenth-Century European Thought 812 Review Questions 813 Key Terms 815 CHAPTER 26 LATIN AMERICA FROM INDEPENDENCE TO THE 1940s 816 Global Perspective: Latin American History 818 CHAPTER 27 INDIA, THE ISLAMIC HEARTLANDS, AND AFRICA, 1800-1945 844 Global Perspective:The Challenge of Modernity: lndia, Islam, and Africa 846 THE INDIAN EXPERIENCE British Dominance and Colonial Rule 84 7 Building the Empire: The First Half oj the Nineteenth Century 848 British-Indian Relations 849 From British Crown Raj to lndependence The Burden oj Crown Rule 852 Indian Resistance 852 Hindu-Muslim Friction on the Road to Independence 855 852 THE ISLAMIC EXPERIENCE Islamic Responses to Declining Power and Independence 855 Western Political and Economic Encroachment 8 5 7 The Western lmpact 858 Islamic Responses to Foreign Encroachment Emulation oj the West 859 Integration oj Western and Islamic Ideas 8 61 Women and Reform in the Middle East 861 Purification and Revival oj Islam 862 Nationalism 862 859 Independence Without Revolution 819 Immediate Consequences oj Latin American Independence 819 Absence oj Social Change 821 Control oj the Land 821 Submissive Political Philosophies 822 THE AFRICAN EXPERIENCE Economy of Dependence 824 New Exploitation oj Resources 824 Increased Foreign Ownership and Influence Economic Crises and New Directions 826 lncreasing European lnvolvement: Exploration and Colonization 86 7 Explorers 8 6 8 Christian Missions 868 The Colonial "Scramble for Africa" 869 Search for Political Stability Three National Histories Argentina 828 Mexico 831 Brazil 836 Review Questions 842 Key Terms 843 82 7 82 7 New States and Power Centers Southern Africa 8 64 East and Central Africa 8 6 5 West Africa 8 6 5 Islamic Reform Movements 826 864 865 Patterns In European Colonial Rule and A&ican Resistance 8 71 The Rise of A&ican Nationalism Review Questions 8 7 5 Key Terms 875 8 73 Religions of the World: Islam 876 xvii Contents CHAPTER 28 ASIA 878 MODERN EAST Global Perspective: Modern East Asia 880 MODERN CHINA (1839-1949) Overthrow of the Tokugawa Bakufu (1853-1868) 898 Building the Meiji State (1868-1890) Centralization of Power 900 Growth of a Modern Economy Rebellions Against the Manchu 884 Self-Strengthening and Decline (1874-1895) The Borderlands: The Northwest, Vietnam, and Korea 88 8 From Dynasty to Warlordism (1895-1926) 885 889 Cultural and Ideological Ferment: The May Fourth Movement 891 893 Guomindang Unification of China and the Nanjing Decade (1927- 193 7) 893 War and Revolution ( 193 7-1949) 895 CHAPTER 29 IMPERIALISM AND WORLD WAR I 920 Global Perspective: Imperialism and the GreatWar 922 Expansion of European Power and the "New Imperialism" 922 906 The Politics of Imperial}apan (1890-1945) 906 From Confrontation to the Founding of the Seiyukai (1890- 1900 ) 908 The Golden Years of Meiji 909 Rise of the Parties to Power 910 Militarism and War ( 1927-1945 ) 911 Japanese Militarism and German Nazism Review Questions 91 7 Key Terms 91 7 915 919 Strategies and Stalemate ( 1914-1917) The Russian Revolution End of World War I 938 941 943 Military Resolution 943 Settlement at Paris 944 Evaluation of the Peace 948 Review Questions Key Terms 951 950 925 Emergence of the German Empire 930 Formation of the TripleAlliance (1873-1890) 930 Bismarck's Leadership (1873 - 1890 ) 930 Forging the Triple Entente (1890-1907 ) 933 World War I 903 First Phase: Model Industries 904 Second Phase: 1880s-1890s 905 Third Phase: 1905- 1929 905 Fourth Phase: Depression and Recovery GLOBAL CONFLICT AND CHANGE, 1900-PRESENT The New Imperialism 923 Motives for the New Imperialism The "Scramble for Africa" 926 900 Political Parties 901 The Constitution 902 Close of Manchu Rule 882 The Opium War 882 Nationalist China MODERN JAPAN (1853-1945) 934 The Road to War (1908-1914) 934 Sarajevo and the Outbreak of War (]une-August 1914 ) 9 3 6 CHAPTER 30 DEPRESSION, EUROPEPAN DICTATORS, AND THE AMERICAN NEW DEAL 952 Global Perspective:The lnterwar Period in Europe and the United States 954 After Versailles: Demands for Revision and Enforcement 954 xviii Contents Towards the Great Depression in Europe 954 Financial Tailspin 9 5 5 Problems in Agricultural Commodities 9 56 Depression and Government Policy 9 5 7 The Soviet Experiment 9 5 8 War Communism 9 5 8 The New Economic Policy 960 Stalin versus Trotsky 960 Decision for Rapid Industrialization The Purges 962 The Fascist Experiment in Italy Rise oj Mussolini 964 The Fascists in Power 9 6 5 960 964 German Democracy and Dictatorship 966 The Weimar Republic 966 Depression and Political Deadlock 9 71 Hitler Comes to Power 971 Hitlers Consolidation oj Power 972 The Police State 973 Women in Nazi Germany 9 74 The Great Depression and the New Deal in the United States 976 Economic Collapse 976 New Role for Government 978 Review Questions 980 Key Terms 981 CHAPTER 31 WAR Il 982 WORLD Global Perspective: World War Il 984 Again the Road to War (I 933-1939) 984 Hitler's Goals 984 Destruction oj Versailles 9 8 5 Italy Attacks Ethiopia 986 Remilitarization oj the Rhineland 987 The Spanish Civil War 987 Austria and Czechoslovakia 988 Munich 989 The Nazi-Soviet Pact 990 World War Il (1939- 1945) 991 German Conquest oj Europe 991 Battle oj Britain 992 German Attack on Russia 993 Hitlers Europe 994 Racism and the Holocaust 995 The Road to Pearl Harbor 997 America's Entry inta the War 998 The Tide Turns 998 Defeat oj Nazi Germany 1001 Fall oj the ]apanese Empire 1001 The Cost oj War 1003 The Domestic Fronts I 003 Germany: FromApparent Victory to Defeat 1003 France: Defeat, Collaboration, and Resistance 1004 Great Britain: Organization for Victory 1006 The United States: American Women andAfrican Americans in the War Effort 1007 The Soviet Union: "The Great Patriotic War" 1007 Preparations for Peace I 008 The Atlantic Charter 1009 Tehran 1009 Yalta 1009 Potsdam 101 0 Review Questions I 011 Key Terms 1012 CHAPTER 32 THE WEST SINCE WORLD WAR Il 1014 Global Perspective:The West Since 1945 1016 The Cold War Era I 0 I 7 Initial Causes 1017 Areas oj Early Cold War Conflict 1018 NATO and the Warsaw Pact 1020 Crises oj 19 56 1020 The Cold War Intensified 1021 Detente and Afterward 1023 European Society in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century and Beyond I 024 Towards Western European Unification 1024 Towards a Welfare State Society 1026 Resistance to the Expansion oj the Welfare State The Movement oj Peoples 1028 The New Muslim Population 1030 New Patterns in the Work and Expectations oj Women 1031 1027 American Domestic Scene Since World War Il I 033 Truman and E isenhower Administrations 10 3 3 Civil Rights 1034 New Social Programs 1035 The Vietnam War and Domestic Turmoil 10 3 5 The Watergate Scandal 1035 The Triumph oj Political Conservatism 1036 The Soviet Union to 1989 I 03 7 The Khrushchev Years 1037 Brezhnev 103 8 Contents Communism and Solidarity in Poland 1039 Gorhachev Attempts to Redirect the Soviet Union 1040 1989: Year of Revolutions in Eastern Europe 1040 Solidarity Reemerges in Poland 1041 Hungary Moves Towards Independence 1041 The Breach of the Berlin Wall and German Reunification 1041 The Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia 1042 Violent Revolution in Romania 104 2 The Collapse of the Soviet Union 1042 Renunciation of Communist Political Monopoly The August 1991 Coup 1044 The Yeltsin Years 1044 The Collapse ofYugoslavia and Civil War 1042 1046 Challenges to the Atlantic Alliance 1048 Challenges on the International Security Front Strains over Environmental Policy 1049 Review Questions 1053 Key Terms I 053 1048 CHAPTER 33 EAST ASIA: THE RECENT DECADES 1054 Globa l Perspective: Modern East Asia Japan 1057 The Occupation 1059 Parliamentary Politics 1061 Economic Growth 1063 Society and Culture 1064 Japan and the World 106 7 China 1068 Soviet Period (1950-1960) 1068 The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1965-1976) China After Mao Taiwan 1070 1071 1076 Korea 1078 Korea as a ]apanese Colony 1078 North and South 1079 Civil War and U.S. Involvement 1079 South Korea: Democracy and Growth 1080 North Korea 1081 International Relations 1081 Vietnam I 082 The Colonial Backdrop 1082 The Anticolonial War 1082 The Vietnam War 1083 1056 xix War with Camhodia 1084 Recent Developments 1085 Review Questions Key Terms 1087 1087 CHAPTER 34 POSTCOLONIALISM AND BEYOND: LATIN AMERICA, AFRICA, ASIA, AND THE MIDDLE EAST 1088 Global Perspective: Democratization, Globalization, and Terrorism 1090 Beyond Tthe Postcolonial Era I 090 Latin America Since 1945 1094 Revolutionary Challenges 1096 Pursuit of Stability Under the Threat of Revolution 1100 Continuity and Change in Recent Latin American History 1102 Postcolonial Africa 1103 The Transition to Independence The African Future 1109 Trade and Development 1111 1103 The Islamic Heartlands, from North Africa to Indonesia 1111 Turkey 1111 Iran and Its Islamic Revolution 1111 Afghanistan and the Former Soviet Republics 1114 India 11 15 Pakistan and Bangladesh 1116 Indonesia and Malaysia 1116 The Postcolonial Middle East 111 7 Postcolonial Nations in the Middle East The Arah-Israeli Conflict 1120 Middle Eastern Oil 1123 The Rise of Militant Islamism 1123 Iraq and United States: Intervention and Occupation 1125 Review Questions 112 9 Key Terms 1129 Glossary G- 1 Suggested Readings SR- 1 Credits C-1 Index 1-1 World History Documents DVD-ROM 1117 DVD-I Preface he response of the United States to the events of September 11, 2001, including the war in Iraq and Afghanistan, have brought upon the world a new awareness of human history in a global context. Prior to the attacks on New York and Washington and the subsequent U.S. intervention in the Middle East, readers in North America generally understood world history and globalism as academic concepts . They now understand them as realities shaping their daily lives and experience. The immediate pressures of the present and of the foreseeable future draw us to seek a more certain and extensive understanding of the past. The idea of globalization is now a pressing reality on the lives of nations, affecting the domestic security of their citizens, the deployment of armed forces, their standard of living, and, increasingly, the environment. We have certainly entered a new era in which no active citizen or educated person can escape the necessity of understanding the past in global terms. Both the historical experience and the moral, political, and religious values of the different world civilizations now demand our attention and our understanding. It is our hope that in these new, challenging times The Heritage oj World Civilizations will provide one path to such knowledge . The Roots of Globalization Globalization-that is, the increasing interaction and interdependency of the various regions of the world-has resulted from two major historical developments: the closing of the European era of world history and the rise of technology. From approximately 1500 C.E. to the middle of the twentieth century, Europeans gradually came to dominate the world through colonization (most particularly in North and South America), state-building, economic productivity, and military power. That era of European dominance ended <luring the third quarter of the twentieth century after Europe had brought unprecedented destruction on itself <luring World War Il and as the nations of Asia, the Near East, and Africa achieved new positions on the world scene. Their new political independence, their control over strategic natura! resources , and the expansion of their economies (especially those of the nations of the Pacific rim of Asia), and in some cases their access to nuclear weapons have changed the shape of world affairs. Further changing the world political and social situation has been a growing discrepancy in the economic development of different regions that is often portrayed as a problem between the northern and southern hemispheres. Beyond the emergence of this economic disparity has been the remarkable advance of radical political Islamism during the past forty years. In the midst of all these developments, as a result of the political collapse of the former Soviet Union, the United States has emerged as the single major world power, though its position is increasingly being challenged by China, whose increasing economic might now rivals that of the United States and whose military has embarked on a rapid buildup of its forces. The second historical development that continues to fuel the pace of globalization is the advance of technology, associated most importantly with transportation, military weapons, and electronic communication. The advances in transportation over the past two centuries including ships, railways, and airplanes have made more parts of the world and its resources accessible to more people in ever shorter spans of time. Over the past century and a half, military weapons of increasingly destructive power enabled Europeans and then later the United States to dominate other regions of the globe. Now, the spread of these weapons means that any nation with sophisticated military technology can threaten other nations, no matter how far away. Furthermore, technologies that originated in the West from the early twentieth century to the present have been turned against the West. More recently, the electronic revolution associated with computer technology and most particularly the Internet has sparked unprecedented speed and complexity in global communications. It is astonishing to recall that personal computers have been generally available for less than twenty-five years and the rapid personal communication associated with them has existed for less than fifteen years. XXV xxvi Preface Why not, then, focus only on new factors in the modern world, such as the impact of technology and the end of the European era? To do so would ignore the very deep roots that these developments have in the past. More important, the events of recent years demonstrate, as the authors of this book have long contended, that the major religious traditions continue to shape and drive the modern world as well as the world of the past. The religious traditions link today's civilizations to their most ancient roots. We believe this emphasis on the great religious traditions recognizes not only a factor that has shaped the past, but one that is profoundly and dynamically alive in our world today. Content and Organization The many changes in content and organization in this edition of The Heritage oj World Civilizations reflect our ongoing effort to present a truly global survey of world civilizations that at the same time gives a rich picture of the history of individual regions: + Strengths of the Text Balanced and Flexible Presentation In this edition, as in past editions, we have sought to present world history fairly, accurately, and in a way that does justice to its great variety. History has many facets, no one of which can account for the others. Any attempt to tell the story of civilization from a single perspective, no matter how timely, is bound to neglect or suppress some important part of that story. Historians have recently brought a vast array of new tools and concepts to bear on the study of history. Our coverage introduces students to various aspects of social and intellectual history as well as to the more traditional political, diplomatic, and military coverage. We firmly believe that only through an appreciation of all pathways to understanding of the past can the real heritage of world civilizations be claimed. The Heritage oj World Civilizations, Eighth Edition is designed to accommodate a variety of approaches to a course in world history, allowing teachers to stress what is most important to them. Some teachers will ask students to read all the chapters. Others will select among them to reinforce assigned readings and lectures. Clarity and Accessibility Good narrative history requires clear, vigorous prose. Our goal has been to make our presentation fully accessible to students without compromising on vocabulary or conceptual level. We hope this effort will benefit both teachers and students. Current Scholarship As in previous editions, changes in this edition reflect our determination to incorporate the most recent developments in historical scholarship and the expanding concerns of professional historians. To better highlight the dynamic processes of world history, significant new and expanded coverage of prehistory, Africa, East Asia, Southeast Asia, the Atlantic World, and the Middle East has been added to the Eighth Edition. + Global Approach. The Eighth Edition continues to explicitly highlight the connections and parallels in global history among regions of the world. Each chapter begins with a "Global Perspective" essay that succinctly places in a wider, global framework the regions and topics that are to be discussed with an emphasis on the connections, parallels, and comparisons between and among different cultures. In addition, each of the seven parts opens with a two-page global map that visually depicts the key themes in the chapters that follow. Expanded Map Program. As in previous editions, great attention has been paid to extending and refining the map program for The Heritage oj World Civilizations. The Eighth Edition includes twenty-four new maps that graphically illustrate key developments in global history. In addition, when appropriate, existing maps in the text have been redesigned and modified for greater visual appeal and accuracy. Many maps are now accompanied by a global locator that helps students situate the main map in a wider geographical setting. Maps new to the Eighth Edition: Early Human Migrations Mohenjo-Daro Centers of Greek Philosophy Early Korean States Vietnam and Neighboring Southeast Asia Great Zimbabwe The Russian Empire, ca. 1500 European Explorations of the Americas, ca. 1550 Origins of African Slaves Sent to the Americas Korea During the Choson Era lndia under the Mughals Subscriptions to the Encyclopedia The Haitian Revolution The Languages of Europe, ca. 1850 British lndia, 1820 and 1856 West Asia, Central Asia, and the Mediterranean, ca. 1850. Nineteenth-Century Reform Movements in Africa and Arabia The Long March The Colonial Economy of Africa, 1880-1914 The American Domain, ca. 1900 The Growth of European Union Displaced Peoples in Europe after World War Il Distribution of HIV in Africa Preface A listing of all the maps in the text can be found on PP · xxiii-xxiv. + lmproved Organization and New Scholarship. Though the number of chapters remains unchanged in the Eighth Edition, the organization of several chapters has been revised to improve narrative flow and highlight important topics more clearly. Chapter 5, on the early history of Africa, now includes extensive discussion of the sources and tools used by anthropologists and historians in their work. Chapter 9, formerly devoted to the early history of Japan, now takes a wider perspective in examining early state formation and cultural developments in Korea and Vietnam as well. Chapter 10 now includes discussion of Nestorian Christianity. The coverage of African history from 1000 to 1700 has been moved to Chapter 14 to more fully integrate the discussion of crucial African developments in this period with developments in Europe and the Americas during this time. Chapter 18, on the formation of an Atlantic World in the sixteenth-eighteenth centuries, now includes extensive treatment of the Columbian exchange and the most recent data on the slave trade. Chapter 27, on India, the Islamic world, and Africa in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, has been extensively revised to sharpen the perspective of native peoples on the experience of imperialism. Chapter 32's discussion of the West since World War Il now presents coverage of climate change and the tensions this has caused between the United States and Europe . Chapter 34, the final chapter, has been extensively revised to highlight important recent events in Africa, Latin America, South Asia, and the Middle East. New Design and Photo Program. The entire text has been set in a crisp and engaging new design. Each of the 34 chapters includes photos never before included in previous editions of the text. Seven new graphs and tables have also been added to the text to help students visualize important data . + + Pedagog ica l Featu res This edition retains many of the pedagogical features of previous editions, while providing increased assessment opportunities. + NEW Interpreting the Past feature, found at the end of each chapter, presents students with sources from both the text and on MyHistoryLab/Primary Source, that shed light on a significant problem in world history. Problems include the nature of kingship in early societies, Islam's encounter with the "other," perspectives + xxvii on the Atlantic slave trade, Japan's relations with the outside world during the Tokugawa shogunate, and feminism and civil rights after World War Il. Students are asked to consider how the sources relate to each other and how they shed light on the problems historians face in interpreting the past. Two-page Global Maps open each of the seven parts of the book. These provide a visual and geographical overview of the key themes presented in the chapters that follow. Introduction and questions help students make connections across time and space. Global Perspective Essays introduce the key problems of each chapter and place them in a global and historical context. Focus Questions prompt students to consider the causes, connections, and consequences of the topics they will encounter in the main narrative . Religions of the World essays examine the historical impact of each of the world's great religious traditions: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Hinduism. Chapter Outlines open each chapter and help students easily access important topics for study and review. Overview Tables summarize key concepts and reinforce material presented in the main narrative. Chronologies within each chapter help students situate key events in time. Oocuments, including selections from sacred books, poems, philosophical tracts, political manifestos, letters, and trave! accounts, expose students to the raw material of history, providing an intimate contact with peoples of the past. Questions accompanying th e source documents direct students toward important, thought-provoking issues and help them relate the documents to the main narrative. Key Terms are boldfaced in the text, listed (with page reference) at the end of each chapter (along with phonetic spellings when appropriate ), and are defined in the book's glossary. lnteractive Maps, usually one per chapter, prompt students to explore the relationship between geography and history in a dynamic fashion. Chapter Summaries conclude each chapter, organized by subtopic, and recap important points. Chapter Review Questions help students interpret the broad themes of each chapter. These questions can be used for class discussion and essay topics . A Note on Dates and Transliteration We have used B.C.E. (before the common era) and C .E. (common era) instead of B.C. (before Christ) and A.D . (anno domini, the year of our Lord) to designate dates.
