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Chapter 5 & 6 Tissues and Integumentary System
Tissues: ​Cells are arranged in tissues that provide specific functions for the body.
Types: there are four main types of tissues: List them.
Epithelial, connective, muscular, Nervous
epithelial tissue​:
Where found? Epithelial tissue is widespread throughout the body, covers
organs, and lines body surfaces.
Characteristics: are made up of tightly packed cells containing little intercellular
material, generally lack blood vessels, and are replaced frequently. They tend to have
prominent nuclei when viewed under the microscope.
Simple – how many layers? ​ 1
Stratified – how many layers? ​ More than 1 layer
Functions: They function in protection, secretion, absorption, and excretion
Types of Epithelium (epithelial tissues)
squamous​: What shape are the top cells generally? ​Flat and scale-like
simple: What is this best suited for? ​ Diffusion ​ List several places you
are likely to find it. ​ Lungs, blood vessel walls, lymph vessels
stratified: What is this best suited for? ​ Protection
What does keratinized mean? ​Contains a substance called keratin ​Where
are you likely to find it​? Outer layers of the skin
cuboidal​:
What shape is this cell​?
Cube-shaped
simple cuboidal: This type functions in _​secretion​_ and _absorption__ in the
kidneys and
_secretion_in the glands
stratified cuboidal: what is the advantage of several layers? ​ Better protection
Where is this type found? ​Mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands
columnar​: What shape is this cell? ​--elongated
What specialized cell is often found with it? ​ Ciliary
this cell? ​ Movement of substances across the cell surface
What is the function of
Simple: Where is it found? ​Linings of stomach, intestines, uterus
In intestinal cells, the surface area is increased with _microvilli_____. What is
the purpose of these? ​ Absorption of nutrients
Stratified: Where is this type found? ​Male urethra, parts of the pharynx
​pseudostratified ciliated columnar​: These cells appear layered but really are not.
Why do they look layered? ​Nuclei in varying position within the cells
What does “ciliated” mean? ​Having cilia on the cell surface
Where are these cells found? ​At surfaces facing the lumen of certain
passageways
Transitional epithelium​: Why can’t we classify this type as to shape​? The shape
changes as tissue distends.
Where is it found and why? ​Urinary bladder – enables it to distend without
leaking
glandular epithelium​: This tissue is made up of cells designed to produce and secrete
substances into ducts or into body fluids.
Glands that secrete products into ducts are called _​exocrine​_ glands;
those that secrete into body fluids and blood are called __​endocrine glands​___.
.
Glands are classified by the ways the glands secrete their products
a.
_​merocrine​_ glands release fluid products by exocytosis (pancreas) and
are grouped as serous which produce a watery fluid; or mucus, which produce a thicker,
protective substance.
b.
__​apocrine​__glands lose portions of their cell bodies during secretion
(mammary glands).
c.
___​holocrine​___glands release entire cells (oil glands in the skin).
Connective Tissue​: bind, support, protect, serve as frameworks, fill spaces, store fat,
produce blood cells, protect against infection, and repair tissue damage.
.
Unlike epithelial tissues, connective tissues have abundant matrix, or
intercellular material, throughout, and have good blood supplies (except cartilage).
composition: collagenous, reticular and elastic fibers. How do they differ?
Collagenous is tough and silvery white; Reticular is soft and colorless, elastin is
yellowish and has elasticity.
cell types: what are the three cell types and their functions​? Fibroblasts
(produce collagen and other fibers); Macrophages (engulf bacteria and cellular debris);
Mast cells (produce heparin and histamine)
Types of connective tissues:​ There are many diverse types of connective tissues.
loose fibrous connective (areolar​): What are the main functions of this type​? Helps hold
body parts together
The arrangement of the fibers gives it its name, how are they arranged? ​Cells are
widely separated, with fibers loosely packed.
What is the main cell type found in this tissue? fibroblasts
adipose:​ is a specialized loose connective tissue designed to store __​fat​_.
Where is it located? (Don’t say “everywhere​!) under skin, around joints, within
certain abdominal membranes
dense fibrous connective​: is very strong because of the arrangement of the collagenous
fibers. How are they arranged to make this a tough tissue? ​fibers packed in dense
network
This tissue is found all over the body. List two common places we can look for it.
Tendons and ligaments
Cartilage​: Cartilage is a rigid connective tissue that provides a supportive framework for
various structures. It lacks a vascular system and so heals slowly
Cartilage cells are called _​chondrocytes​___
Cartilaginous structures are enclosed within a connective tissue called
_​perichondrium​_______
Which is the most common type of cartilage? ​hyaline
hyaline​: Where is this found? ​At the ends of bones in joints
elastic​: is so named because it is ___​flexible​. Where is it found? ​_ears
vertebrae
fibrocartilage​: is the toughest of the three. Where is it found? ​Between
bone​: What is its matrix composed of​? Mineral salts as well as organic matrix
materials
What are bone cells called? ​osteocytes
This is a “pretty tissue” because of the arrangement of the cells. How are they
arranged?
In concentric circular arrangements around haversian canals
blood​: is composed of __​blood cells​_ and a liquid __​plasma​___________________.
What is its function? ​Transports materials throughout the body
​ uscle tissue​: What is the general function of all muscle tissue? ​Contraction for
m
movement
cardiac
What are three different types of muscle tissue? ​Skeletal, visceral,
Skeletal muscle​: Where is it found? ​In muscles that are attached to bone
Its cells are long and so are called muscle _​fibers​_. They may have several
___​nuclei​_.
The cells appear striped and are said to be __​striated​__.
Is it usually voluntary or involuntary?​ Usually voluntary
Smooth muscle​: Where is it found? ​In walls of hollow visceral organs
What is the shape of its cells? ​Spindle-shaped
How many nuclei does it have?​ One in each cell
Is it voluntary or involuntary?​ Involuntary
Cardiac muscle​: It is only found in the _​heart walls​_. Like skeletal muscle it is striped
and so is said to be __​striated​___.
The cardiac cells are connected to each other by __​intercalated​_
_​discs​____________
Is it voluntary or involuntary​? involuntary
Nervous Tissue​: There are two types of nervous tissue. Where are they found? ​Brain,
spinal cord (central nervous system), and peripheral nerves (peripheral nervous system)
neuron​: What is its function​? Generates and carries nerve impulses
neuroglia cells​: what are their functions? ​ Support and nourish neurons
Epithelial Membranes:
These membranes are considered to organs because they are composed of
more than one type of tissue. They are composed of a layer of __​epithelial​_____ tissue
and a layer of __​connective​_ tissue
List the four main types of epithelial membranes​. Serous, mucous, synovial,
integumentary
Integumentary System:
The __​skin​____ and its __​accessory organs​_____ organs make up the integumentary
system.
The Skin:
functions​: List the functions of the skin: ​temperature homeostasis, protection,
retards water loss, houses sensory receptors, synthesis of certain chemical
substances, excretion
structure​: The skin consists of an outer ___​epidermis​___ and an underlying
_​dermis​______________, connected to underlying tissue by the _​subcutaneous ​___layer
(hypodermis)
epidermis:​ The epidermis is made up of stratified _​squamous​_ epithelium and
lacks __​blood vessels​_.
Epidermal layers: bottom to top stratum basale:
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum:
stratum corneum:
and sometimes, the stratum lucidum. In what areas does the skin
contain this layer? ​Palms, soles
Which is the living, reproducing layer? ​ Stratum basale
Proteins of the epidermis:
keratin: What is its function? ​Helps water retardation, and makes
skin impervious
melanin: What is its function? ​Protects against harmful ultraviolet
radiation
What cell produces it?​ Melanocyte
Skin Color:​ List the factors that contribute to the color of the skin.
Amount of melanin, size of melanin granules, blood vessels in the dermis
dermis​: The dermis consists of __​connective​__ tissue with collagen and elastic
fibers within a gel-like ground substance. The dermis also contains nerve fibers, sensory
fibers, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.
Subcutaneous Layer: ​ What is this layer composed of?​ Primarily adipose tissue
What are the functions of this layer? ​Insultation, helps attach skin to
underlying tissues
Accessory structures​:
hair​: Where can hair be found? ​On skin in most regions of the body
Define the term hair follicle? ​An invagination of the epidermis that
extends down into the dermis
What is the function of the arrector pili muscle?​ Pull hair erect when cold or
frightened
What determines hair color? ​Melanin and sometimes a reddish pigment
called trichosiderin
Glands of the integumentary system:
sebaceous glands​: What type of glands are they? ​Holocrine glands
What structure are they associated with?​ Hair follicles
What is their secretion called?​ Sebum
sudoriferous glands (sweat glands):
appocrine are associated with __​sexual arousal​_ control and
secrete ​__sweat with characteristic odors________
eccrine are associated with ____​temperature control​___.
ceruminous glands are found in the __​ear canal​__ and secrete
___​wax​____
nails: Nails consist of stratified __​squamous​___epithelial cells overlying the nail
bed, with the
___​lunula​_______ as the most actively growing region of the nail root.
Temperature regulation:
Proper temperature regulation is vital to maintaining metabolic reactions.
The ___​skin​_____plays a major role in temperature regulation with the
___​hypothalamus​_ controlling it.
Active cells, such as those of the heart and skeletal muscle, produce
__​heat​______.
Heat may be lost to the surroundings from the skin.
The body responds to excessive heat by __​dilation​__of dermal blood vessels
and _​sweating​______.
The body responds to excessive cooling by ___​constriction​_ dermal blood
vessels, inactivating __​sweat​_____ glands, and increasing muscle usage through
__shivering________________.
Healing of Wounds and Burns
Inflammation, in which blood vessels ____​dilate​____ and become more
_​permeable​____, causing tissues
to become red and swollen, is the body's normal response to injury.
.
Superficial cuts are filled in by reproducing _​epithelial​__ cells.
.
Deeper cuts are closed off by ___​clots​__, covered by _​scabs​, and eventually
filled in by __​fibroblasts​_____, making connective tissue.
Large wounds leave scars and healing may be accompanied by the formation of
__​scars​_____.