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Important Psychologists
History
Wilhelm Wundt
History
Edward Titchener
William James
History
History
G. Stanley Hall
History
Created first psychology lab to study conscious experience (introspectionrecord your own thoughts, feelings, perceptions)
Brought Wundt’s ideas to the US & called it structuralism
First Harvard professor in psychology, functionalist, wrote first psych
textbook, liked Darwin/evolution
Founded American journal of psychology
Learning
Ivan Pavlov
Learning
Classical conditioning
John B. Watson
Learning
Classical conditioning
Learning
Operant conditioning
Learning
Operant conditioning
Learning
Observational Learning
Learning
Taste aversion
Learning
Insight
Learning
BF Skinner
Edward Thorndike
Albert Bandura
John Garcia
Wolfgang Kohler
Robert Rescorla
Martin Seligman
Learning
Learned helplessness
“Salivating Dogs,” classical conditioning
UCSUCR
NS
CSCR
“Little Albert,” founder of behaviorism in America
“Skinner Box” “Operant Chamber” (rats & pigeons)
Reinforcements
The Law of Effect: if behavior is reinforced it is more likely it is to reoccur
(studied hungry cats in a maze)
Studies observational learning, Bobo Doll, modeling behaviors, we learn from
observing others & imitate behaviors
Studied rats with radiation and taste aversion, there is a
biological/evolutionary element to taste aversion
Insight learning in chimpanzees, also co-founder of Gestalt psychology
(whole/grouping)
Animals can learn the predictability of an event, the more predictable the
association the stronger the conditioned response
Studied learned helplessness in dogs receiving shocks, ideas applied to humans
Intelligence
Charles Spearman
Howard Gardner
Intelligence
Intelligence
Robert Sternberg
Alfred Binet
Lewis Terman
David Wechsler
Intelligence
Intelligence
Intelligence
Intelligence
“G” general intelligence
8 Multiple Intelligences: interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist,
logical/mathematical, visual-spatial, linguistic, bodily-kinesthetic, musical
Triarchic Theory: analytical, creative, practical
Designed the first intelligence test for French school children
Developed the most widely used intelligence test today (WAIS)
Personality
Sigmund Freud
Carl Jung
Karen Horney
Alfred Adler
Gordon Allport
Raymond Cattell
Hans Eysenck
Personality
Psychoanalysis
Personality
Psychoanalysis
Personality
Psychoanalysis
Personality
Psychoanalysis
Personality
Trait
Personality
Trait
Personality
Trait
Id, ego, superego, defense mechanisms, Psychosexual stages, fixation,
unconscious
Collective unconscious
Criticized penis envy, concept of womb envy, pioneered study of women in
psychology
Inferiority complex, striving for superiority/perfection
Cardinal traits, central traits, secondary traits (situational)
16 trait personality inventory, surface traits appear in clusters, factor analysis
Big 3 dimensions of personality
Abraham Maslow
Personality
Humanistic
Personality
Humanistic
Carl Rogers
Hierarchy of Needs, self-actualization
Unconditional positive regard (acceptance), genuineness, empathy
Free will, human nature is good, self-concept
Memory & Cognition
Hermann
Ebbinghaus
Elizabeth Loftus
Memory
The forgetting curve, spacing effect, don’t cram
Memory
Noam Chomsky
Language
BF Skinner
Language
Language
Constructed memories, eyewitness testimony is unreliable due to constructed
memories and false information effect, debunked repressed memories
We have a built-in language acquisition device, learning language is cognitive
brain function not social, natural tendency to learn language
We imitate language we hear, rewards & punishments
Whorf hypothesis: linguistic determinism=language determines how we think
Benjamin Lee Whorf
Development
Jean Piaget
Cognitive
Development
Erik Erikson
Psychosocial
Development
Moral
Development
Lawrence Kohlberg
Carol Gilligan
Mary Ainsworth
Moral
Development
Attachment
Harry Harlow
Attachment
Lev Vygotsky
Development
Alfred Kinsey
William Masters &
Virginia Johnson
Elizabeth KublerRoss
Sexuality
Sexuality
Death
Stages: sensorimotor (object permanence, stranger anxiety), preoperational
(egocentrism, animism), concrete operational (conservation), formal operational
Schemas, assimilation, accommodation
8 stages of psychosocial development
Preconventional-rewards, punishments
Conventional-societal rules & expectations
Postconventional-follow own moral compass
Criticized Kohlberg’s use of only males; there is a relationship & caring about
others element to morality
“Strange Situation”
Secure attachment: stable, positive, confident to explore
Insecure-avoidant: avoid reunion with parent, don’t deal with new experiences
well, may have problems later in life
Cloth/wire monkey experiment; stronger bond with cloth mother, need for
affection & touch creates a stronger bond; more important than food
Zone of proximal development: children cannot master tasks alone but can with
guidance of capable partner
Studies on human sexuality
Sexual Response Cycle: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
Studied sex & masturbation of 700 people
5 stages of grief: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
Motivation & Emotion
William James &
Carl Lange
Walter Cannon &
Phillip Bard
Stanley Schachter
& Jerome Singer
Emotion
StimulusArousalEmotion
Emotion
StimulusArousal + Emotion simultaneously
Emotion
StimulusArousal + Cognitive LabelEmotion
Social Psychology
Phillip Zimbardo
Solomon Asch
Attitudes, Roles
Conformity
Stanley Milgram
Obedience/Compliance
Stanford prison experiment
Studied conformity when subjects were shown lines of different lengths, 1/3
of participants conformed to accomplices’ answers even when wrong
Electric shocks delivered from teacher to learner; 2/3 delivered most
dangerous shock and followed the authority figure