Download Sem2 Final SG 12 Part1

Biology: Semester 2 Final Study Guide Part 1
Name
Evolution
1. What is evolution?
2. What does the theory of evolution by natural selection explain?
3. How do macroevolution and microevolution differ?
4. What is the difference between variations and adaptations?
a. Variations:
b. Adaptations:
5. What are the 3 conditions that lead to speciation?
6. What are two factors that can lead to the extinction of species?
7. What characteristics do members of the same species share?
8. What 2 factors affect the makeup of the gene pool?
9. Charles Darwin identified these 4 main factors that affected natural selection:
a.
b.
c.
d.
9. Why does evolution act upon phenotype rather than genotype?
10. What evidence in the fossil record do scientists examine to determine common ancestry amongst species?
a.
b.
11. In the following chart, describe how each of the following plays a role in speciation.
What is it?
Role in Speciation
gene pool
gene flow
mutation
genetic drift
natural selection
geographic
isolation
reproductive
isolation
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Protein Synthesis
1. The function of a protein is determined by its _____________ and ________________________________.
2. A protein is also known as a(n) _______________________________________.
Examples
Functions of Proteins
a.
b.
3. RNA is made from _________, and it is used to make ____________, which make up our _____________.
4. _DNA__
_________
____________
____________ (Central ____________________________)
5. How does DNA make RNA?
6. What is the role of RNA polymerase?
DNA
RNA
# of strands
function
nucleotide bases
sugar
7. If the DNA strand read AGCT, what would be the sequence on the RNA strand that is made from it?
8. _____________________ is the process of making RNA from ________ in the _____________ of the cell.
9. Every mRNA triplet is called a ________, and the corresponding tRNA bases are called the ____________.
10. When nucleotide bases pair up, they are said to be _____________________________ of each other.
Types of RNA
Function
a.
b.
c.
11. What is RNA processing?
12. ___________________ is the process of making ___________ from RNA. It occurs in/on the
_________________ of the cell. Each codon on the ___________ codes for a(n) _____________________,
which when put together forms a _______________.
13. Which amino acids would the following codons code for?
a. AUC:
b. GGA:
14. How do DNA and RNA together contribute to making a protein?
15. What is tRNA charging?
16. Identify and describe the different types of mutations.
Type of Mutation
a.
b.
c.
d.
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Result
Biotechnology
Term
1. genome
2. plasmid
3. recombinant DNA
4. restriction enzyme
5. restriction digest
6. DNA ligase
7. recognition sequence
8. ligation
9. transformation
10. cloning
11. gel electrophoresis
12. transgenic organism
13. gene therapy
14. sticky ends
Definition
15. To make recombinant DNA, why do both DNA sources need to be cut with the same restriction enzyme?
16. Describe the steps of making a recombinant plasmid using these terms: restriction enzyme, recombinant
DNA, DNA ligase, sticky ends, plasmid.
17. a.
Gene A (550 bp) is cut with Protein B and inserted into Plasmid P.
What is the resulting base pair length?
b. What will the resulting gel electrophoresis look like? Draw in the gel provided
(below left).
17b.
Plasmid
P 5500
18b.
Protein
A 400
Protein
B 600
Gene B (800 bp) is cut with Protein A and Protein B and inserted into Plasmid P. What is
18. a.
the resulting base pair length?
b. What will the resulting gel electrophoresis look like? Draw in the gel provided (above right).
19. Fill in the table, showing how much liquid is dispensed, in microliters, with the P-20.
001
025
036
155
P-20
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189
Cell Cycle
1. The purpose of the cell cycle is to
2. The cell cycle is composed of 3 stages known as _______________, _____________ and _____________.
3. During the __________ phase of interphase, DNA is replicated in a process known as
________________________________ replication because _________________________________.
4. In what direction do DNA nucleotides get added?
5. How are the leading and lagging strands different?
Stage of Cell Cycle
Interphase:
Major Events
Interphase:
Interphase:
Interphase:
Mitosis:
Mitosis:
Mitosis:
Mitosis:
Cytokinesis:
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Drawing
Meiosis
1. Meiosis is the process of making a _________________ cell into a _______________ cell, which means
there is only one set of chromosomes.
2. The advantage of meiosis is that it produces ___________________ with variation.
3. What are homologous chromosomes?
4. What is crossing over?
Diploid
Haploid
# of Chromosome Sets
Types of Cells
Method of Division
Stage of Meiosis
Interphase
Major Event(s)
Meiosis I:
Meiosis I:
Meiosis I:
Meiosis I:
Meiosis II:
Meiosis II:
Meiosis II:
Meiosis II:
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Drawing
Study Questions
Evolution
1. What does the theory of evolution by natural selection explain?
2. What causes speciation?
3. What evidence do we have to support the theory of evolution by natural selection?
4. Describe the 3 key ingredients that lead to biological evolution.
5. What are homologous structures and what do they tell us about how organisms evolved?
Protein Synthesis
6. What are transcription and translation?
7. Where do transcription and translation take place within the cell?
8. Name the 4 RNA bases. Which base pairs with which and why?
9. Put these words in the correct order of occurrence: proteins, DNA, traits, RNA.
10. Describe the role of each of the following in the protein-making process: DNA, mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes,
codons, anticodons, amino acids.
11. Using these words, describe the steps in making a protein: transcription, translation, nucleus, cytoplasm,
DNA, mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes, codons, anticodons, amino acids.
12. What is a genetic mutation?
Biotechnology
13. What are some benefits of genetic engineering?
14. How would you make a recombinant DNA?
15. Describe how viruses reproduce.
16. Describe how each of these is used in biotechnology: cloning, gel electrophoresis, gene therapy,
recombinant plasmid, transgenic/genetically modified organisms
17. Identify and describe the 3 ways in which bacteria gain genetic variation.
Cell Cycle
18. What is the purpose of the cell cycle?
19. Describe what happens in each of the main stages of the cell cycle: interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis.
20. Describe what happens in each of the phases of interphase: G1, G0, S phase, G2.
21. Describe what happens in each of the phases of mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
22. Describe the steps of DNA Replication (S phase) using these terms: DNA ligase, DNA polymerase,
helicase, lagging strand, leading strand, Okazaki fragments, replication fork, semiconservative replication,
5’ 3’
23. Name the 4 DNA bases. Which base pairs with which and why?
24. Describe how the cell cycle is regulated when there are mistakes.
Meiosis
25. What is the purpose of meiosis?
26. Why is it advantageous for a species to reproduce sexually?
27. How are diploid and haploid cells different?
28. What is crossing over? What purpose does crossing over serve?
29. Differentiate between sex cells and somatic cells. Give examples of each.
30. Describe what happens in each step of meiosis: Interphase, Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase
I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II.
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