Download Unit 2 ~ Learning Guide Name

BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
Unit 2 ~ Learning Guide
Name:________________
INSTRUCTIONS
Complete the following notes and questions as you work through the related lessons.
You are required to have this package completed BEFORE you write your unit test. Do
your best and ask questions about anything that you don't understand BEFORE you
write the unit test.
U2L1 NOTES: INTRODUCTION (web notes)
Carbon
________________ is the basic element for life. It is a non-metal that must bond with
other non-metals to become stable. When two non-metals bond together they form
covalent bonds. Covalent bonds are formed when a pair of atoms share electrons
(_______________________________________________________).
Atoms
will
share electrons in order to complete the complement of electrons in their outermost
electron shell. Carbon can share electrons with as many as 4 other atoms to form
chains or rings.
IF YOU HAVE NOT COMPLETED CHEMISTRY 11 or 12 IN THE PAST
YEAR YOU SHOULD VIEW THE TUTORIAL ON COVALENT
BONDING BEFORE PROCEEDING ANY FURTHER!
Drawing each bond in a molecule as two dots gets old very fast. To save time chemists
usually depict a bond as a line drawn from ______________________________ to
another. Such representations are called_____________ structures rather than Lewis
electron dot structures.
Rings
can
also
form:
_______________________________________________
_______________________________
for
the
unit
molecules, which make up the life compounds. On the right
is a carbon ring which is classified as a carbohydrate.
Examples: of life compounds are _________________,
____________________, ______________________ and Nucleic Acids.
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BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
Dehydration Synthesis
Unit molecules join together to form larger molecules called Polymers.
_________________,
________________________,
_______________,
and
___________________________are all polymers. To join the unit molecules (or
building blocks) together, a molecule of ___________ must be removed. _____ is taken
from 1 molecule and ______ from the other molecule. This process is
called _____________________________________________ and energy is required.
To help remember this chemical reaction, think of what is happening to you as you lose
water - you dehydrate. The word synthesis means to make. So we are making
something by taking water away.
Hydrolysis
If instead of making a larger molecule from smaller units we want to break down a
polymer, a molecule of ______________ must be ________________. This process is
called ______________________
and energy is required. Sometimes
breaking words down will help you
understand them. Hydro - refers to
water and lysis means to break
apart.
The diagram on the right compares
dehydration
synthesis
to
hydrolysis. Note that condensation
synthesis in the diagram refers to
dehydration synthesis.
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BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
U2L1 PRACTICE: INTRODUCTION
1. List the 4 major classes of carbon-containing life molecules that will be studied in
this unit and throughout the course? (2 marks)
a. ______________________________
b. ______________________________
c. ______________________________
d. ______________________________
2. Define the following terms (4 marks):
a. monomer
b. polymer
c. dehydration synthesis
d. hydrolysis
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U2L2 NOTES: CARBOHYDRATES (web notes)
Carbohydrates: are sugars. We will look at 3 groups of carbohydrates; the
monosaccharides (mono - meaning one), the disaccharides (di-meaning two), and the
polysaccharides (poly - meaning many).
The
elements
in
all
carbohydrates
are:
_______________________,
____________________, and ______________________.
The ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms is always ___________ and the empirical
formula for carbohydrates is _____________
1. Sugars: ________________________________________________________. We
will start by looking at the monosaccharides of which there are two groups. There are 5
carbon sugars (pentoses) and the 6 carbon sugars (hexoses). For the purpose of this
unit we are only concerned with the hexose monosaccharides, but below are some
examples of the pentose sugars. Note the 5 carbon rings.
a) __________________________: 5 or 6 carbon sugars (simple sugars)
i) Pentoses: _____________________________________
Examples: Ribose and Deoxyribose (1 less oxygen than ribose)
RIBOSE (in RNA)
DEOXYRIBOSE (in DNA)
As chains.
As rings.
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BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
ii) Hexoses: ___________________________ (note the six carbon rings
to the right)
3 example of hexoses that you need to know for this course are:
fructose, glucose, and galactose.
Fructose
Glucose
Galactose
All have the formula ____________________ , however if you examine their structural
formulas,
you
will
find
the
difference
in
the
organization
of
________________________. Looking at the 3 diagrams to the right you will see that
all 3 monosaccharides have the exact same number of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen
atoms. The difference between the 3 monosaccharides is the way these atoms are
arranged. They are called ______________________.
There Are Three Ways to Represent the Structure of Glucose (shown below)
YOU SHOULD WATCH THE MONOSACCHARIDES VIDEO
BEFORE PROCEEDING ANY FURTHER!
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b) Disaccharides: are _____________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
They have the common formula C 11 H 22 O 11
3 Common Disaccharides along with their building blocks that you will
need to know for this course are:
i) Maltose: _______________________________________
ii) Sucrose: ______________________________________
iii) Lactose: ______________________________________
YOU SHOULD WATCH THE DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS OF TWO
MONOSACCHARIDES VIDEO AND THE DISACCHARIDES VIDEO
BEFORE PROCEEDING ANY FURTHER!
c) Polysaccharides: The 3 common polysaccharides that you need to know
for this course are: ____________________, _____________________, and
__________________________ (be sure that you can recognize a diagram of
their structure and know the function of each of these)
- the polysaccharides are long chains of glucose molecules bonded
together (simple sugars)
- the basic formula for these polymers is (C 6 H 10 O 5 )n
n = dozens to thousands of glucose units
i)
Starch:
Is
the
___________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
-starch is made up of many glucose molecules bonded together in long
chains with a ________________________.
Structure of Starch
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ii) Glycogen: Is the "_________________________" (in other words excess
glucose in animals is stored as glycogen) in liver and muscle tissue.
- like starch Glycogen is also made up of long chains of glucose
molecules, however it has ________________________________
instead of just a few
Structure of Glycogen
-Between meals - as [glucose] in blood decrease, the
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
to raise blood [sugar] to 0.1%.
-After meals - [glucose] in the blood increase as food is digested. The
excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and
muscle tissues for later use.
iii) Cellulose: Is ________________________________________________
__________________________________________.
-Cellulose is formed in the cell walls of plants and gives pants their
structure
-Cellulose is made of long chains of glucose molecules
with ____________________________________________
-There is a different type of linkage between the sugars found in
cellulose as compared to starch or glycogen.
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Our digestive system is ___________________ to digest this linkage. Cellulose passes
through our system as _________________________________________. It may be
important for good health and prevention of colon cancer.
Structure of Cellulose
Please note that each successive "glucose" is "flipped" relative to the previous one and
that our body is unable to break this bond and thus, is unable to digest cellulose.
As a result, cellulose serves simply as "roughage" in our diet.
Functions of Carbohydrates
a) ___________________________________________________________
_____________________________ (all carbohydrates)
-Energy is released as the carbohydrates are broken down by
hydrolysis
b) ______________________________________________ (cellulose)
c) ___________________________________________________________
____________________________ (starch/glycogen)
U2L2 PRACTICE: CARBOHYDRATES
1. What is the empirical formula for carbohydrates? (1 mark) _____________
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2. Define the following terms and give two examples of each. (6 marks).
Monosaccharide-
Disaccharide-
Polysaccharide-
3. Name the three disaccharides that you need to know for this course. (3 marks)
4. Identify the building blocks or monomers that come together to form each of the
disaccharides that you listed above. (3 marks)
5. Name the three polysaccharides that you need to know for this course. (3 marks)
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6. Describe how you can distinguish the structures of each of these
polysaccharides. Look at the examples closely and come up with a way to
memorize which is which and then explain it (do not just simply draw each
structure). (3 marks)
7. State the functions of each of these polysaccharides. (3 marks)
8. Why is cellulose considered "roughage" in our diets? (1 mark)
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U2L3 NOTES: LIPIDS (web notes and video)
Lipids: _______________________________________________________________
We eat lipids as part of our food group. Our bodies are capable of producing them as
well as metabolizing them. Next to glucose, _____________________
___________________________________________________ for us. Unforunately,
we store them in adipose (________) cells. They function as a
_____________________________________, _______________________________,
and ______________________. The three lipids you need to know for this course are
the fats, phospholipids and steroids.
Lipids such as those shown above typically contain the elements: Carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen but, in contrast to carbohydrates, the H:O ratio is greater than 2:1.
____________________________ are one of the two building blocks of neutral fats and
are non-polar chains of carbon and hydrogen with a carboxylic acid end. A tremendous
number of variations exist between fatty acids (be sure that you can recognize a
diagram of both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids as shown below).
Saturated fatty acids those compounds ______________________________________
between the carbon atoms. In other words these molecules are holding all the hydrogen
atoms that they can. Other fatty acids are unsaturated (compound with
_____________________________________________________________________).
Structure of a Saturated versus Unsaturated Fatty Acid Chain.
Please note that the circled atoms represent the carboxylic acid end to the fatty acid
while the squared bonds represent the double bond or unsaturated point of the
unsaturated fatty acid chain.
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Neutral Fats
Basic Structure of a Neutral Fat: __________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________.
Dehydration synthesis of a triglyceride.
Please note that X represents the glycerol backbone and Y represents the three fatty
acid chains that come together to form the triglyceride.
 Monoglyceride - one fatty acid attached to a glycerol.
 Diglyceride - two fatty acids attached to a glycerol.
 Triglyceride - three fatty acids attached to a glycerol.
A) Fats (saturated fats): Uually of animal origin and are ____________________
_____________________________. Examples: Adipose tissue, Lard, Butter
YOU SHOULD WATCH THE NEUTRAL FATS VIDEO
BEFORE PROCEEDING ANY FURTHER!
Oils, Waxes, and Steroids
B) Oils (unsaturated fats): Usually of plant origin and are __________________
_________________________________________________________________.
-
Polysunsaturated fats have many double bonds therefore few hydrogen
bonds. Examples: Vegetable oils
C) Waxes: Relatives of fats, they have fatty acids joined to a long _____________
_________________________________________________________________.
D) Sterols: Compounds such as sex
hormones, cholesterol, and some of the
ingredients of bile. Instead of a straight chain
of carbon, sterioids are non-polar ring
structures. They are insoluble in water
therefore considered a lipid.
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Example: ______________________- important part of cell membrane and
the protective cover around nerve fibres.
Note: Cholesterol is important, but too much results in __________________________
____________________________________. This narrows the pathway for blood so
the heart has to pump harder to push the blood through the body (i.e., increase
___________________________). Cholesterol is the imporant part of the cell
membrane and the protective cover around nerve fibres.
___________________ such as _____________________________ are able to pass
through cell membranes and combine with receptors in the cell. The steroid receptor
complex activates certain genes leading to ____________________________.
Increase protein synthesis is better for the athlete for muscle development.
YOU SHOULD WATCH THE STEROIDS VIDEO
BEFORE PROCEEDING ANY FURTHER!
Phospholipids
E) Phospholipids
Phospholipids are a variation of a triglyceride where one of the 3 fatty acids is
replaced with a _______________________________________________
________ group. (Note the glycerol backbone and 2 fatty acids along with the
phosphate group)
Structure of a Phospholipid.
Note that the phosphate and nitrogen containing group is circled.
This creates a polar region and consequently phospholipids can mix with both
polar (likes water) and non-polar (dislikes water) materials.
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Phospholipids are very important in cells as they form much of the cell membrane.
The Heads of phospholipids are polar
said
to
be
water
loving.
(________________) The Tails of
phospholipids are non polar and are
water
hating.
(____________________). Because
water soluble heads and water
tails they tend to form a thin film on
their tails in the air like above.
and
are
the
said to be
they have
insoluble
water with
YOU SHOULD WATCH THE PHOSPHOLIPIDS VIDEO
BEFORE PROCEEDING ANY FURTHER!
U2L3 PRACTICE: LIPIDS
1. What are the three major types of lipids that you need to know for this course?
(3 marks)
2. Fill in the lipid summary table found below. (6 marks)
Lipid
Chemical Structure
Neutral Fat
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Biological Function
BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
Phospholipid
Steroids
3. How do the bonds differ in a saturated versus unsaturated fatty acid tail? (2
marks)
4. The diagram below represents an important type of lipid:
a. What type of lipid does the diagram represent? (1 mark)
b. What cell structure is this lipid primarily responsible for forming? (1 mark)
c. Please place a circle/oval (
) around the glycerol backbone,
a rectangle (
) around the fatty acid tails and a cloud (
) around
the phosphate/nitrogen group. (3 marks)
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d. Identify/label which portion of the molecule is hydrophobic and which
portion is hydrophilic. (2 marks)
e. Define hydrophobic and hydrophilic. (2 marks)
Diagram for Question 4
5. Steroids have a very different structure than the other types of lipids:
a. Please describe the characteristic structure of a steroid. (1 mark)
b. Please explain why steroids are classified with other lipids. (1 mark)
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c. Please identify two important steroids in the human body and briefly
explain their functions. (4 marks)
U2L4 NOTES: PROTEINS (web notes and video)
Proteins
•
Made of the elements: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Sulfur is often
present and phosphorus and iron are sometimes included.
•
The Basic structure of all proteins are: long __________________________
_____________________________________ (or what is called a polypeptide)
•
Amino
acids
there
are
__________________________________________________ with the general
structure like the one below
Be sure that you can identify the different parts of an amino acid. Note the amine group,
the carboxylic acid, the central carbon bonded to a hydrogen and finally the radical (R)
group.
R = A variety of other atoms that distinguish one amino acid from another. There are 20
different amino acids so there 20 different R groups.
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YOU SHOULD WATCH THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF PROTEINS VIDEO
BEFORE PROCEEDING ANY FURTHER!
Dehydration Synthesis
______________________________________ of amino acids will result in the bonding
of amino acids together and the release of ___________________________________.
If we consider the amino acids glycine and alanine, they will bond together and produce
the dipeptide "glyala".
A.A are joined by a ______________________________. A dipeptide has one peptide
bond where a Tripeptide has two peptide bonds holding three amino acids together
and so on. The order and combination of these A.A determines the type of
__________________ that is produced. The term ___________________________
means numerous peptide bonds that join many amino acids together.
Levels of Protein Structure - Primary Proteins
This refers to the way in which a protein molecule is assembled and the factors that
cause its specific three dimensional shape. There are four levels to protein structure of
which you need to know the first 3 including the bonds that hold them in these shapes.
Remember that chains of amino acids (the subunits or building blocks) which make up a
protein are called _________________________.
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BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
The first, or primary structure as it is called, is simply a straight __________________
_______________________________________. Note the ______________________
________________ that bind these amino acids together. Because there are twenty
different amino acids, it is easy to realize that there are literally millions of different
variations of amino acid
sequences - each with
many
(some
with
hundreds
of)
amino
acids.
Consequently,
there are millions of
proteins.
Secondary Structures
As the chains of amino acids get
longer
they
begin
to
_____________________________
_____________________________
____________________________.
This is a result of the stress on the
bond
angle.
______________
___________ form between the
Hydrogen of one amino acid and an
Oxygen further down the chain. An
alpha helix contains 3.6 amino acids
per spiral. There are other
secondary structures, but the alpha
helix is the most common and the
one you will need to know for this
course.
Protein Structure - Tertiary and Quaternary Structures
The third level is described as _____________________________
_____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________. As the
helix gets longer there are some amino acids that cannot fit the
configuration and therefore cause ___________. New bonds can
form to hold it into a three-dimensional shape. The types of bonds
are __________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________.
It occurs in some protein systems, _______________________________, where
different three-dimensional configurations are associated with and function with each
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BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
other. _______________________ is a well-known protein that is actually made up of
the asociation of four 3 dimentional shapes around a central heme (iron containing)
component.
YOU SHOULD WATCH THE LEVELS OF PREOTEIN STUCTURE VIDEO
BEFORE PROCEEDING ANY FURTHER!
Denature
The weaker hydrogen and ionic bonds of the tertiary structure ____________________.
They are very sensitive to thing like _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________. If a protein's normal
shape is destroyed because of such environmental conditions, it is said to
be __________________________ (it will not work). Without the enzyme's normal
shape, the enzyme is unable to combine efficiently with its substrate and therefore, no
chemical reaction will occur.
Examples we can see:
•
•
•
This is what happens when milk spoils. The protein in milk, Caesin, denatures
and becomes insoluble, forming floating lumps.
Egg white is protein. Excess heat denature the protein. (fried or poached)
Cooking Liver.
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BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
Be sure you understand these 4 important points about protein/enzyme denaturing:
1. The enzyme loses its normal three dimensional shape, changing the shape of it's
active site
2. Due to the change in the shape of the enzyme's active site the enzyme can no
longer bind to it's substraight
3. Because the protein (or enzyme) can no longer bind to it's substrate the enzyme
cannot perform it's normal function
4. Therefore, _______________________________________________________.
When enzymes in the human body denature, the biochemical pathway they work in
no longer functions and the result is desease or possibly even death.
YOU SHOULD WATCH THE DENATURE VIDEO
BEFORE PROCEEDING ANY FURTHER!
Functions of Proteins
1. FUNCTIONAL
•
Enzymes (__________________________________________), reactions that
will take 7 hours will take only a fraction of a second.
1. Maltase - Converts maltose to glucose and glucose
2. Carbonic Anhydrase: In blood, maintains blood pH
•
________________________________ - Hemoglobin - Transports O 2 , CO 2 , and
H+
Infection fighting - ______________________________________________
•
2. STRUCTURAL
-___________________________________
____________________________________
Keratin - ____________________________
Collagen - ___________________________
Actin/myosin - muscle fiber for movement
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BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
U2L4 PRACTICE: PROTEINS
1. Identify the basic building block (monomer) of all proteins. (1 mark)
2. Draw the generic structure of the basic building block of proteins and clearly
labeling its 4 key parts. (4 marks)
3. A dipeptide is:
a. formed by what type of reaction? (1 mark)
b. held together by what type of bond? (1 mark)
4. Please describe the following levels of protein structure including the types of
bonds that are involved:
a. Primary (2 marks)
b. Secondary (2 marks)
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BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
c. Tertiary and Quaternary (3 marks)
5. Describe what is meant when we say a protein/enzyme is denatured. (2 marks)
6. Identify at least three factors that can denature proteins/enzymes. (3 marks)
7. Define enzyme and give two examples of enzymes and their functions in the
human body. (3 marks)
8. Describe what is meant by a structural protein and provide two examples in the
human body. (3 marks)
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BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
U2L5 NOTES: NUCLEIC ACIDS (web notes and video)
Nucleic Acids - are made up of ___________________
____________________________. A nucleotide has 3
components to it, a sugar, a phosphate goup, and a
nitrogenous base. Be sure that you can label and
recognize and label a nucleotide's structure.
DNA and RNA
There are three types of nucleic acids. _____________________ are the genetic
material and are involved in the functioning of chromosomes and protein synthesis and
ATP. We will study DNA and RNA in more detail in a later unit.
ATP (______________________________________________________)
•
One particularly important nucleic acid is the modified nucleotide known as ATP.
•
ATP is quite simply an RNA nucleotide with an adenine base
________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________. Note the ~ line in
between the phosphate goups used to indicate high energy bonds.
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BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
Phosphate bonds are unique in that they
are very rich in energy. Cells store
energy as Chemical energy in this way.
In order to release the energy, an
enzymes, ATPase, breaks one of the
bonds, thus producing ADP (adenosine
diphosphate) and energy. ADP can be
recycled. We can add a phosphate
group back to the ADP with a small input
of energy and we get an ATP molecule
back.
•
In this way, ATP is often called the energy currency of a cell (because cells
make and "spend" ATP). We can use the analogy that various forms of
molecules in our body are like various forms of monetary currencies in the world
such that:
Molecules of the body…



…are comparable to monetary currencies …
Savings Bond

Bank Account

Piggy Bank
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
Pocket Cash
BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
ATP ⇌ ADP + P + Energy (7 Kcal per mole)
•
ATP molecules can be moved all over the body. When energy is needed, the 3rd
phosphate group is broken off. This results in Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) and
the release of heat energy. _________________________________________
_________________________________________________.
YOU SHOULD WATCH THE NUCLEIC ACID VIDEO
BEFORE PROCEEDING ANY FURTHER!
U2L5 PRACTICE: NUCLEIC ACIDS
1. Identify the basic building block (monomer) of nucleic acids. (1 mark)
2. Draw the generic structure of the basic building block of nucleic acids and label
its three key parts. (3 marks)
3. ATP is a key nucleotide in the human body:
a. What does "ATP" stand for? (1 mark)
b. What is ATP's primary function? (1 mark)
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BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
c. Does ATP release energy when it is being formed (dehydration synthesis)
or broken down (hydrolysis)? (1 mark)
~ END OF UNIT 2 LEARNING GUIDE ~
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BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
UNIT 2 ANSWER KEY
U2L1 PRACTICE: INTRODUCTION
1. List the 4 major classes of carbon-containing life molecules that will be studied in this unit and
throughout the course? (2 marks)
a. ______________________________
b. ______________________________
c. ______________________________
d. ______________________________
2. Define the following terms (4 marks):
a. monomer
b. polymer
c. dehydration synthesis
d. hydrolysis
U2L2 PRACTICE: CARBOHYDRATES
1. What is the empirical formula for carbohydrates? (1 mark) _____________
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BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
2. Define the following terms and give two examples of each. (6 marks).
Monosaccharide-
Disaccharide-
Polysaccharide-
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BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
3. Name the three disaccharides that you need to know for this course. (3 marks)
4. Identify the building blocks or monomers that come together to form each of the disaccharides
that you listed above. (3 marks)
5. Name the three polysaccharides that you need to know for this course. (3 marks)
6.
Describe how you can distinguish the structures of each of these polysaccharides. Look at the
examples closely and come up with a way to memorize which is which and then explain it (do not
just simply draw each structure). (3 marks)
7. State the functions of each of these polysaccharides. (3 marks)
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BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
8. Why is cellulose considered "roughage" in our diets? (1 mark)
U2L3 PRACTICE: LIPIDS
1.
What are the three major types of lipids that you need to know for this course? (3 marks)
2.
Fill in the lipid summary table found below. (6 marks)
Lipid
Chemical Structure
Neutral Fat
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Biological Function
BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
Phospholipid
Steroids
3. How do the bonds differ in a saturated versus unsaturated fatty acid tail? (2 marks)
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BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
4. The diagram below represents an important type of lipid:
a. What type of lipid does the diagram represent? (1 mark)
b. What cell structure is this lipid primarily responsible for forming? (1 mark)
c. Please place a circle/oval (
) around the glycerol backbone, a rectangle (
)
around the fatty acid tails and a cloud (
) around the phosphate/nitrogen group. (3
marks)
d. Identify/label which portion of the molecule is hydrophobic and which portion is
hydrophilic. (2 marks)
e. Define hydrophobic and hydrophilic. (2 marks)
Diagram for Question 4
5. Steroids have a very different structure than the other types of lipids:
a. Please describe the characteristic structure of a steroid. (1 mark)
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BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
b. Please explain why steroids are classified with other lipids. (1 mark)
c. Please identify two important steroids in the human body and briefly explain their
functions. (4 marks)
U2L4 PRACTICE: PROTEINS
1. Identify the basic building block (monomer) of all proteins. (1 mark)
2. Draw the generic structure of the basic building block of proteins and clearly labeling its 4 key
parts. (4 marks)
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BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
3. A dipeptide is:
a. formed by what type of reaction? (1 mark)
b. held together by what type of bond? (1 mark)
4. Please describe the following levels of protein structure including the types of bonds that are
involved:
a. Primary (2 marks)
b. Secondary (2 marks)
c. Tertiary and Quaternary (3 marks)
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BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
5. Describe what is meant when we say a protein/enzyme is denatured. (2 marks)
6. Identify at least three factors that can denature proteins/enzymes. (3 marks)
7. Define enzyme and give two examples of enzymes and their functions in the human body. (3
marks)
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BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
8. Describe what is meant by a structural protein and provide two examples in the human body. (3
marks)
U2L5 PRACTICE: NUCLEIC ACIDS
1. Identify the basic building block (monomer) of nucleic acids. (1 mark)
2. Draw the generic structure of the basic building block of nucleic acids and label its three key
parts. (3 marks)
3. ATP is a key nucleotide in the human body:
a. What does "ATP" stand for? (1 mark)
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BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
b. What is ATP's primary function? (1 mark)
c. Does ATP release energy when it is being formed (dehydration synthesis) or broken
down (hydrolysis)? (1 mark)
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