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CHAPTER 8: LEARNING
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
Learning can be defined as a change in mental processes as well as behavior. It
can be studied scientifically.
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS:
1. How do we know when something is “learned”?
2.
How does learning affect behavior and vice versa?
After reading this chapter, you should know the following information:
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the characteristics of learning
the principles of operant and classical conditioning
the various reinforcement schedules / punishment
the components of cognitive and social learning
the role of nature/nurture in learning
CHAPTER NOTES:
As you read the chapter, use the table below to take notes and/or summarize the “big ideas” of the chapter. In addition, it
is good practice to list the important vocabulary, concepts, and people under each section.
Use the larger right column for your own notes and answers to the questions in the left column. You may also use the left
column to jot down questions/vocabulary or make a mini-outline.
CLASSICAL
CONDITIONING, page
313
Describe Pavlov's
demonstration of classical
conditioning and the key
elements in this form of
learning.
Clarify how classical
conditioning may shape
emotions and physiological
processes, including drug
effects.
Describe acquisition,
extinction, and spontaneous
recovery in classical
conditioning.
Compare the processes of
generalization and
discrimination.
Discuss the importance of
cognitive processes in
classical conditioning.
Describe the ways that
biological processes can
affect learning by classical
conditioning.
Describe some of the ways
that classical conditioning
can be used to improve
human health and well-being.
Review the classic study of
Little Albert.
OPERANT CONDITIONING,
page 326
Contrast operant and
classical conditioning and
articulate Thorndike's law
of effect.
Explain Skinner's principle
of reinforcement and
describe the terminology
and procedures in operant
research.
Describe acquisition,
shaping, and extinction in
operant conditioning.
Explain how stimuli govern
operant behavior through
generalization and
discrimination.
Identify various types of
schedules of reinforcement
and discuss their typical
effects.
Distinguish between positive
and negative reinforcement.
Compare escape learning and
avoidance learning.
Describe punishment and
assess issues related to
punishment as a disciplinary
procedure.
Describe Tolman’s research
on latent learning and its
theoretical importance.
Explain how extrinsic and
intrinsic motivation
influence the learning
process.
Explain how biological
predispositions place
restraints on the learning
process.
Explain some practical
applications of operant
learning in everyday life.
OBSERVATIONAL
LEARNING, page 341
Explain the nature and
importance of observational
learning.
Discuss the importance of
mirror neurons.
Describe Bandura’s classic
research on TV models and
aggression.
Discuss modern research on
the effects of media
violence.
Discuss practical
applications of observational
learning.