Download VERBALS Gerunds, Infinitives, Participles

VERBALS
October, 2013
What is a verbal?
• A verbal is a verb functioning
as some other part of speech.
• There are three types of
verbals: Gerunds,
Infinitives, Participles.
What is a Gerund?
Gerund is a word that ends with - ing
• A verb functioning as a noun.
• It can be anything as a noun is:
- Subject
- Direct object
- Indirect object
- Object of a preposition
- Predicate nominative
- Predicate appositional
Examples
Subject: Talking
loudly always
attracts attention.
Direct object: Everyone in my family
enjoys watching the series.
Indirect object: He gave voting for
class president careful thought.
Examples Continued
Object of a preposition: She
worked
eight hours without taking a
break.
Predicate nominative: A great thrill for
her was winning the state tennis
tournament.
Apposition: Dad’s hobby, carving
wooden soldiers, has taught him
much about history.
What is a gerund phrase?
• A group of words beginning with a
gerund and followed most often
by modifiers, direct objects and/or
prepositional phrases.
My teacher likes questioning us
on our math skills.
Gerund Punctuation
• A gerund never requires any
punctuation with it (an exception
would be a gerund set off by commas
because it is an appositive, not because it
is a gerund).
My favourite sport, running
track, is a great exercise.
Gerund Forms
Active
Passive
Indefinite writing
being written
Perfect
having been written
having written
Activities
Age and Gerunds
1-3
4-7
8-10
11-13
14-16
17-20
What activities do you enjoy doing...
on weekends? when you are
alone?
in class?
to relax?
with friends?
for exercise?
when you are on
vacation?
during holidays? for fun?
Photographic Memory
Remember + Gerund to recall a memory
«About Me»
• I really enjoy
• I can’t stand
• I don’t mind
• I usually avoid
• I often miss
living with my brother
watching television
touching a chalk
board
staying alone
doing the dishes
after meal
What is an Infinitive?
It is the simplest verb form that
usually begins with to.
• It is used as a
- a noun
- an adjective
- an adverb
Examples
It can be
- subject: To wait seemed foolish when
action was required.
- direct object: Everyone wanted to go.
- subject complement: His ambition was to
fly.
- modifying adjective: He lacked the
strength to resist.
- modifying adverb: We must study to learn.
What is an infinitive phrase?
• It is a group of words consisting of
an infinitive and followed most
often by modifying direct objects,
and/or prepositional phrases:
We intended to leave early.
Infinitive Forms
Indefinite
Continuous
Perfect
Perfect
Continuous
Active
Passive
to + V
to be +3fV
be + Ving
----
to have + 3f V
to have been+3fV
to have been +Ving
---
Infinitive Punctuation
• If the Infinitive is used as an adverb and is
the beginning phrase in a sentence, it
should be set off with a comma; otherwise,
no punctuation is needed for the infinitive
phrase unless it is used as an appositive
that is non-essential.
To buy a basket of flowers, John
had to spend his last dollar.
Activities
«Do It Yourself, Mr. Bean.»
1. He puts some balloons on the door...
2. He puts some music on...
3. The hats have letters on them...
4. He shakes hands..
5. He cuts up a tree and puts it on a
plate...
6. He puts some sugar in some
vinegar..
7. He steals his neighbour’s
birdfeeder...
8. His guest changes the time on the
clock to midnight...
9. He holds hands with his guests...
10.He turns off the light...
11.He takes out another clock...
a) ..to say ‘hello’.
b) ..to represent people’s names.
c) ..to eat the peanuts inside.
d) ..for people to eat.
e) ..to replace the wine.
f) ..to go to sleep.
g) ..to end the party early.
h) ..to sing a traditional song.
i) ..to check the time.
j) ..to celebrate New Year.
k) ..to dance to.
Possible Solutions
• Your co-workers have designed a website. They
made it really clean, minimalist, and dark.
However, their customer asked them to redesign
it and make it more user-friendly. Your friends
came to you for advice.
• You've got an opportunity to change the
appearance of your working space. Suggest
three ways to make it more comfortable.
• Your team is going to present the project you
were working on. The project manager comes
up to you and asks how to make the
presentation more interesting and fun.
You can buy new computers to make work more
effective.
What is a Participle?
It is a verb functioning as an
adjective (a word that modifies a
noun or pronoun).
In present tense it ends
in –ing.
In past tense it
ends in –ed or
has V-3
What is a participle phrase?
It is a group of words consisting of
a participle and modifiers and/or
direct objects, indirect objects,
and/or prepositional phrases.
Removing his coat, Jack rushed
to the water.
Participle Punctuation
• When a participle phrase begins a sentence, a
comma should be placed after the phrase:
Arriving at the store, I found that it was
closed.
If a participle phrase comes at the end and
directly follows the word it modifiers, you should
not use a comma:
They often saw Paul wandering through
the streets.
Participle Punctuation
• If the participle or participle phrase comes in
the middle of a sentence, it should be set off
with a comma; otherwise, no punctuation is
needed for the infinitive phrase unless it is
used as an appositive that is non-essential:
Sid, watching an old movie, drifted in
and out of sleep.
The girl swimming in the pool is my
friend.
Present Participle
Forms
Active
Indefinite
Perfect
Ving
having 3f
Passive
being 3f
V
V having been 3f V
Past Participle
Forms
Active
----------
--------
Passive
3f V
Ved
Causative Verbs
let + person + verb
- "to allow someone to do something.“ - John let me drive
his new car.
make + person + verb
- "to force someone to do something.“- My teacher made
me apologize for what I had said.
have + person + verb
-"to give someone the responsibility to do something.“ - Dr.
Smith had his nurse take the patient's temperature.
get + person + to + verb
- "to convince to do something" or "to trick someone into
doing something.“ - Susie got her son to take the
medicine even though it tasted terrible.
Activities
• Who’s the Boss?
subject + causative verb + object + past participle +
(agent).
supervisors
supervisor, office manager,
project manager, vice-president,
director, CEO, owner, company
president, program coordinator,
executive chef, chief of staff,
head designer.
places
restaurant, clothing
store, car factory,
language school,
advertising agency
Neighborhood Gossip
A asks B (on the left): Have you heard about Mr.
Jones?
B replies: No, what? / No, tell me.
A then shares the gossip: Mr. Jones let his dog eat
all the flowers in Mrs. Greenwood’s garden.
B reacts appropriately: Oh my! Really? Etc.
B to C (on the left): Guess what? Mr. Jones let his
dog eat all the flowers in Mrs. Greenwood’s
garden…and you know what else? Mrs.
Greenwood got her son to build a fence around her
garden so the dog can’t get in anymore.
Gerunds vs Infinitives
Some verbs followed by
gerunds
Some verbs followed by
infinitives
admit, appreciate, avoid,
can’t help, consider, deny,
dislike, discuss, enjoy,
fancy, feel like, finish, give
up, imagine, keep on,
mind, miss, practice,
prefer, put off, quit, recall,
recollect, suggest, talk
about, think about
can’t afford, agree, appear,
begin claim, choose, dare,
demand, decide, expect,
deserve, fail, happen,
hesitate, manage, mean,
need, offer, plan, promise,
refuse, swear, threaten,
want, wish, would like,
would love
Gerunds vs Infinitives
Common verbs followed by either infinitives or
gerunds
no difference
meaning is different
begin, start, continue,
like, love, prefer, hate,
can’t stand, can’t bear
remember, forget,
regret, try, stop, intend,
advise
Gerunds vs Infinitives
• Use Gerunds to refer to actions that
are: vivid, real, ongoing in the present
or competed in the past.
• Use Infinitives to refer to actions that
are: hypothetical, unfulfilled or futureoriented.
Grammar Casino
№
The Sentence
1
She dreads coming to class.
2
They delayed issuing the press statement as long as
they could.
3
He resents to have to report to the police each day.
4
They can’t afford to buy a new car.
5
She promised telling me her secret.
6
She refuses paying up.
7
They enjoy to be praised.
8
Please avoid to use bad language.
9
He forgot buying a ticket.
Your Bet
10
He failed passing the math exam.
11
She threatened to make a fuss.
12
He deserves to be shot.
13
He denied eating the last piece of cake.
14
She wishes to ask you a favour.
15
He missed having somebody to dislike.