Download Chapter 2 - Net Texts

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Table of Contents
Questions & Instructions
Chapter 1: Basic Sentence Diagramming …………………………… 5
Chapter 2: Modifiers (Adjectives & Adverbs) …………… 7
Chapter 3: Prepositional Phrases ……………………………………… 10
Chapter 4: Coordinating Conjunctions …………………………… 14
Chapter 5: Interjections …………………………………………………………… 20
Chapter 6: Types of Verbs - Part 1 ………………………………… 21
Chapter 7: Types of Verbs – Part 2 ………………………………… 26
Chapter 8: Subordinating Conjunctions ………………………… 30
Chapter 9: Relative Pronouns ………………………………………………… 34
Chapter 10: Verbals ………………………………………………………………………… 37
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Answers
Chapter 1: Basic Sentence Diagramming ………………………… 42
Chapter 2: Modifiers (Adjectives & Adverbs) ………… 43
Chapter 3: Prepositional Phrases ……………………………………… 46
Chapter 4: Coordinating Conjunctions …………………………… 50
Chapter 5: Interjections …………………………………………………………… 55
Chapter 6: Types of Verbs - Part 1 ………………………………… 57
Chapter 7: Types of Verbs – Part 2 ………………………………… 61
Chapter 8: Subordinating Conjunctions ………………………… 63
Chapter 9: Relative Pronouns ………………………………………………… 65
Chapter 10: Verbals ………………………………………………………………………… 67
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Questions
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Instructions
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Chapter 1: Basic Sentence Diagramming
1.0 Diagramming Subjects and Verbs
Directions: Diagram the following sentences separating the subject
on the left side of the vertical line and the verb on the right side of the
vertical line. Remember that helping verbs are part of the verb.
Example: Cats will meow.
1. Flowers grow.
2. Birds were chirping.
3. Bunnies hop.
4. Cailey must have been sleeping.
5. Sydney has been playing.
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1.1 Diagramming Questions
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Directions: Diagram the following questions.
First turn the question into a statement.
Then, you can put the subject on the left side of the vertical line and
the verb on the right side of the vertical line.
Example:
The question Have you been cooking? becomes the statement You
have been cooking.
1. Can I run?
2. Did Josh eat?
3. Should we have been swimming?
4. Has Lucy been reading?
5. Are they coming?
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Chapter 2: Modifiers (Adjectives & Adverbs)
2.0 Diagramming Adjectives
Directions: Diagram the following sentences by placing the adjectives
on a slanted line under the word that they modify.
Remember that adjectives are words that modify nouns and pronouns.
Any word that answers one of the adjective questions is an adjective.
The Adjective Questions:
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Which one?
What kind?
How many?
Whose?
Example: The yellow duck quacked.
1. Two fat birds chirped.
2. That cute baby has been laughing.
3. Will my mother sing?
4. The green box fell.
5. The lovely, scented candle burned.
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2.1 Diagramming Adverbs
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Directions: Diagram the following adverbs placing them on a slanted
line under the word that they modify.
Remember that adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives, and
other adverbs.
Any word that answers one of the adverb questions is an adverb.
The Adverb Questions:
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How?
When?
Where?
Why?
Example: Rover howled rather loudly.
1. Walter quickly ran home.
2. Where is Melissa?
3. May Rover stay here?
4. Thomas Edison worked diligently.
5. Very politely, Henry bowed.
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2.2 Diagramming Adjectives and Adverbs
Directions: Diagram the following sentences which have adjectives
and adverbs.
If an adverb modifies an adjective, put it on a slanted line under the
adjective that it modifies.
Example: The very beautiful light shone brightly.
1. The little red bird flew gracefully.
2. This rather large book was sitting here.
3. Where did that large cat go?
4. My very favorite aunt sings beautifully.
5. Who has been eating so noisily?
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Chapter 3: Prepositional Phrases
Phrases are groups of words that act as a single part of speech.
Prepositional phrases always consist of a preposition and a noun or
pronoun.
They act as either adjectives or adverbs.
3.0 Diagramming Adjectival Phrases - Part I
Directions: Diagram the following sentences by placing the adjectival
prepositional phrases under the noun or pronoun that they modify.
(These all modify the subjects.)
The preposition goes on a slanted line under the noun that it modifies
(in this case, the subject), and the object of the preposition goes on a
horizontal line after it. (See the example.)
Remember the adjective questions? Use them to help you.
Example: The blue birds in the trees were chirping.
1. The flowers in the garden are growing.
2. The rock below the water shifted.
3. That fire around the corner has been burning.
4. Did the green box with the blue lid fall?
5. The lovely, scented candle on the table burned.
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3.1 Diagramming Adverbial Prepositional Phrases
Directions: Diagram the following sentences by placing the adverbial
prepositional phrases under the verb, adverb, or adjective that they
modify. (These all modify the verbs.)
The preposition goes on a slanted line under the verb, and the object
of the preposition goes on a horizontal line after it. (See the example.)
Remember the adverb questions? Use them to help you.
Example: The rabbit hopped through the pretty garden.
1. Has Lucy been reading at the library?
2. I ran around the absolutely beautiful city.
3. Those blue birds chirped endlessly into the night.
4. The plane flew above the puffy, white clouds.
5. Who has been sleeping in my bed?
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3.2 Diagramming Adjectival Phrases - Part II
Directions: Diagram the following sentences by placing the adjectival
prepositional phrases under the noun or pronoun that they modify.
(These all modify the objects of the preposition of another
prepositional phrase.)
The preposition goes on a slanted line under the noun that it modifies
(in this case, the object of the preposition), and the object of the
preposition goes on a horizontal line after it. (See the example.)
Example: The blue birds in the trees above my house were chirping.
1. The hairy dog sat in the corner of the room.
2. The cookie dough is in the back of the fridge.
3. I shop at the grocery store on Main Street.
4. Which of the pages in this book ripped?
5. Can you fit between the roots of this tree?
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3.3 Diagramming: Putting It All Together
Directions: Diagram these sentences using everything that you have
learned so far!
1. The rusty shovel with the blue handle sat in my garage.
2. These three puppies in the basket on the wood floor have been
whimpering since this morning.
3. Every candle in the little store in the strip mall burned brightly
throughout my trip.
4. In April the cool rain falls on the soil.
5. In May the plants in Cathy's garden grow very quickly.
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Chapter 4: Coordinating Conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions connect words, phrases, and independent
clauses. The connected elements are said to be compound.
There are only seven coordinating conjunctions:
and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet
For instance, look at this example sentence:
Mark and Jake walked around the block.
This sentence has two subjects (two words) joined with the
conjunction and. That means that this sentence has a compound
subject.
Mark walked around the block and up the ladder.
This sentence has two prepositional phrases (two phrases) joined with
the conjunction and. That means that this sentences has a compound
phrase.
4.0 Diagramming Compound Words
Directions: Diagram the following sentences by placing the
coordinating conjunction on a dotted line between the words that it
connects. The exercises in this section will only have compound words
(subjects, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and objects of the preposition).
Since the diagram will look different for each type of word, here are
examples of how to diagram compound subjects, verbs, adjectives,
adverbs, and objects of the preposition. Use these examples to help
you complete the exercises.
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Examples:
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Examples with words:
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Wow! That was a lot of examples! Finally, here are the exercises. I've
given you a hint on the first two questions.
1. Mr. Travers teaches at the school and plays outside at recess.
(compound verb)
2. Mattingly and Dina learn from Mr. Travers. (compound subject)
3. Lori's blue and green dress has been drying on the clothesline in the
yard.
4. I looked for the jacket in the house and the car.
5. Luc jogged quickly and quietly onto the soccer field.
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4.1 Diagramming Compound Phrases
Directions: Diagram the following sentences by placing the
coordinating conjunction on a dotted line between the words or
phrases that it connects. (See the example.)
I've given you hints on the first two questions.
1. The students were laughing at the teacher and were sent to the
principal's office. (compound verb phrase)
2. My sister drove around the block and up the hill. (compound
prepositional phrase)
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3. The crazy little dog ran through the door and toward the stranger.
4. Lori and Lisa were laughing and howling at the funny movie. (This
one is a compound main verb. Both of the verbs share the helping
verb were. See if you can figure out how to diagram this.)
5. Jason looked in the garage and around the house.
4.2 Diagramming Compound Sentences
Directions: Diagram the following sentences by placing the
coordinating conjunction on a dotted line between the sentences that it
connects. (See the example.)
1. The little kitty in the basket meowed, and the small girl smiled.
2. He went home, but she didn't. (n't is a contraction for not, which is
an adverb.)
3. Have you tried, or will you ask for help?
4. The man in the backyard cried, for he fell from the tall ladder.
5. Should you have been running towards the dog, or should you have
been running away from it?
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4.3 Diagramming: Putting It All Together
Directions: Diagram these sentences using everything that you have
learned so far!
1. This red and gray sweater itches and smells like mothballs.
2. Tomorrow, I will swim down the river and into the ocean.
3. Fred and Ginger have been dancing on the dance floor since last
night!
4. Have you been dancing and juggling on my very favorite coffee
table?
5. Slowly and deliberately, the monkey climbed around the limbs of
the tree.
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Chapter 5: Interjections
Interjections are words that show excitement or emotion. They are not
grammatically related to the rest of the sentence.
When diagrammed, they hang on a line above the sentence.
5.0 Exercises
Directions: Diagram the following sentences. Use the examples for
help.
Examples:
Holy buckets! We won!
Caroline, we won.
1. Mr. Lewis, did you wave at that car?
2. Laura, can you or Maria drive to the move theater?
3. Sweet, the two baby kittens cuddled with their mommy.
4. Mom, your favorite vase fell on the floor and broke into many
pieces.
5. Oh man! Our car just stopped on the highway in the middle of the
road.
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Chapter 6: Types of Verbs – Part 1
Up until now, you have been diagramming the same type of verb
(intransitive complete). Now, you will begin diagramming the other
verb types.
Your Mini Lesson on Transitive Active Verbs
There are four types of verbs. You know all about one type, and now
it's time for you to learn about another.
In this chapter, you will learn about transitive active verbs. These
verbs have direct objects and indirect objects.
Direct objects receive the action of the verb.
The direct object in the bubble at the top of the page is ball. The ball is
receiving the action kicked.
Find the direct object in this sentence: I chopped the wood.
Since wood is receiving the action chopped, it is the direct object.
Indirect objects receive the direct object. That means that you can
only have an indirect object in a sentence that already has a direct
object.
The indirect object in the bubble at the top of the page is me. The
word me is receiving the direct object ball.
Find the direct object and the indirect object in this sentence: I gave
you the book.
Book is receiving the action of the verb gave, so it is the direct object.
The word you is receiving the direct object, so it is the indirect object.
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6.0 Diagramming Direct Objects
Directions: Diagram the following sentences. Use the example for
help.
Example: The baby kicked the ball.
1. Does your sister love furry cats?
2. The tallest boy on the basketball team dunked the ball.
3. Wow! You will run a marathon on Sunday?
4. My dad videotaped me during the play.
5. The sick English teacher blew her nose.
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6.1 Diagramming Indirect Objects
Directions: Diagram the following sentences. Use the example for
help.
Example: The baby kicked me the ball.
1. Could you please bake me a cake?
2. Nate bought his mother flowers.
3. Arrrg, the bookstore sent me the wrong book!
4. Caroline and Mike gave Emilie a birthday card.
5. The woman handed Alex a new passport.
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6.2 Diagramming Compound Direct and Indirect Objects
Directions: Diagram the following sentences. Use the examples for
help.
Example:
The baby kicked the ball and toy.
The baby kicked Elmo and me the ball.
1. I smelled the delicious homemade pie and cookies.
2. Yikes! The tornado violently hit the house and threw the trees
across the field.
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3. The guests gave Mary a book about Germany and she gave them a
photo of her town.
4. I reluctantly gave Edward and Bella the keys to my car.
5. My friend and I walked into the woods and picked Rose flowers.
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Chapter 7: Types of Verbs – Part 2
You have already learned how to diagram two of the four verb types:
1. intransitive complete
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With the following exercises, you will learn about diagramming the
last two:
3. transitive passive
4. intransitive linking
7.0 Diagramming Passive Verbs
Directions: After reading the mini lesson, diagram the following
sentences.
Your Mini Lesson on Passive Verbs
In all of the verb types that you have diagrammed so far, the subject
has done the action. In passive verbs, the subject receives the
action.
Example:
The candle was lit.
Candle, the subject of the sentence, is receiving the action.
It is being lit. Notice that we don't know who lit the candle.
Many times the doer of a passive sentence will be in a prepositional
phrase.
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Example:
The candle was lit by Joe.
Now we know who lit the candle.
The doer of the action, Joe, is found in the prepositional phrase, by
Joe.
Notice also that the verbs in passive sentences always have a helping
verb (was) and the past participle of the main verb (lit).
Example: The ball was kicked by the baby.
1. The book was written by Stephanie Meyer.
2. The victory was celebrated by the winners.
3. The plant in the corner was watered by the housekeeper.
4. The smoke alarm was turned off by the firefighter.
5. Talkative children are scolded by the principal.
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7.1 Diagramming Linking Verbs
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Directions: After reading the mini lesson, diagram the following
sentences.
Your Mini Lesson on Linking Verbs
Linking verbs, the fourth and final verb type, link the subject to either
a noun that renames it or an adjective that describes it.
Examples:
The candle was bright.
Was is a linking verb connecting the subject, candle with the adjective
bright. Bright describes the candle.
Mrs. Johnson is my teacher.
Is is a linking verb connecting the subject, Mrs. Johnson with the noun
teacher. Teacher renames Mrs. Johnson.
If you count all of the forms of to be as one word, there are only 13
linking verbs.
• Forms of to be:
be, am, is, are, was, were, been, being
• Other linking verbs:
appear, become, feel, grow, look, seem,
remain, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn
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Examples:
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The baby is cute.
The baby is a boy.
1. I will be a great musician.
2. Mmmm! The chili smells absolutely delicious!
3. My dad became very happy at Disneyland.
4. This bed feels soft.
5. After tomorrow, Grace will be a college graduate.
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Chapter 8: Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions are words that are used to introduce
some dependent clauses.
They introduce adverb clauses and sometimes they introduce noun
clauses. (Noun clauses can also be introduced by pronouns.)
Unlike coordinating conjunctions, there are many, many subordinating
conjunctions.
Here are some examples of subordinating conjunctions in sentences:
• I looked while he drove.
• Whenever I see a rose, I think of Paris.
• We’ll stay here until you get back.
• If you don’t clean your room, you can’t have a cookie.
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You should always brush your teeth before you go to sleep.
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8.0 Diagramming Adverb Clauses
Directions: Diagram the following sentences. First, diagram the
independent clause, then diagram the dependent clause underneath.
The dependent clause will be the clause that begins with a
subordinating conjunction. (Here are some common subordinating
conjunctions: although, as, because, if, until, when, whenever)
Connect the two with a dotted line and the conjunction. Because all of
these clauses are adverb clauses, the line should come off of the verb
of the independent clause. (This is because the whole adverb clause is
modifying the verb of the independent clause.)
Use the examples for help.
Example: My mom smiled when I made dinner.
1. If my brother smiles, I'll be surprised.
2. Whenever my dog barks, my cat meows.
3. I ran until my legs hurt.
4. I won the race because I practiced.
5. As I walked, the sky became dark.
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8.1 Diagramming Noun Clauses
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Directions: Diagram the following sentences. Since these clauses are
noun clauses, they can do anything that a noun can do.
That means that the whole clause will be acting as a subject, direct
object, indirect object, objects of the preposition, or predicate noun.
Before you start your diagram, decide what the noun clause is acting
as. Place the noun clause on its own line just above wherever it goes
in the main clause.
Connect this sentence diagram to the main clause with another
straight line. Put the conjunction on a slanted line coming off of the
dependent clause.
Use the example for help.
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Example: Does your mom know where you are going?
1. Where the sock had gone was a mystery.
2. I wonder how I lost it.
3. Now the issue is how can I find my sandals?
4. My sister asked why I wanted my sandals.
5. She knew where I lost my sock because she found it in the clothes
dryer.
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Chapter 9: Relative Pronouns
There are only five relative pronouns (who, whom, whose, that,
which). They introduce adjective clauses.
An adjective clause is a subordinate clause that is used as an
adjective. (That means that it modifies a noun or pronoun.) Adjective
clauses can also be introduced by relative adverbs.
Your Mini Lesson on Adjective Clauses
A relative pronoun links an adjective clause with a word in the
independent clause that it modifies. It also acts as a subject, direct
object, object of the preposition, or a modifier within the adjective
clause.
For example, let’s look at this sentence:
This is the house that Jack built.
Independent clause = This is the house
Dependent adjective clause = that Jack built
Relative pronoun = that
Adjective clause is modifying = house
There is also one more piece of information that we need to find out.
What is the relative pronoun's job in the adjective clause that Jack
built?
You can see from the diagram that it is acting as the direct object.
Think of it as Jack built that.
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9.0 Diagramming Adjective Clauses
Directions: When diagramming adjective clauses, follow these steps:
1. Identify the independent clause, dependent clause, and the relative
pronoun.
2. Figure out which word in the independent clause the adjective
clause is modifying.
3. Decide how the relative pronoun is acting in the adjective clause.
4. Diagram each clause as you would on its own, but put a dotted line
connecting the relative pronoun with the word in the independent
clause that it is modifying.
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Example 1: The book that I read was great!
Example 2: Mark swam in the lake which was cold.
1. I love the person who cleaned the house!
2. Colin walked into the house that had been sold.
3. Are teachers who are extra nice paid double?
4. The boy with whom I spoke drew that picture.
5. Teachers whose students are motivated happily work overtime.
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Chapter 10: Verbals
Verbals are words that are formed from verbs, but do not act as verbs.
There are three types:
1. Gerunds end with ing and act as nouns.
Running is my favorite sport.
2. Participles end in ing, d, t, or n, and they act as adjectives.
I love the running man.
3. Infinitives are always to + a verb.
They can act as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs.
I love to run.
10.0 Diagramming Gerunds
Remember, this type of verbal ends with ing and acts as a noun.
Directions: Diagram the following sentences. Place the gerund on a
line that is drawn like a step.
The ing part of the gerund goes on the bottom part of the step, and
the rest goes on the top part of the step.
With a forked line, connect the step to the rest of the sentence
wherever it should go. (Since gerunds are nouns, they can be the
subject, direct object, object of the preposition, or predicate noun.)
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In the example sentence, the gerund is acting as the subject.
Example: Running is fun.
Gerunds can also take complements and modifiers.
Example: Running marathons in the summer is hot.
1. My sister and I enjoy laughing.
2. Wow! Riding my bike is really fun.
3. Twenty minutes of jumping rope is good for your heart.
4. My favorite game is throwing frisbees to my dog.
5. I dream of diving to the bottom of the ocean.
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10.1 Diagramming Participles
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Remember, this type of verbal ends in ing, d, t, or n, and acts as an
adjective.
Directions: Diagram the following sentences. Place the participle on a
curved line below the word that it modifies.
Example: Sparkling stars glow.
Participles can also take modifiers.
Example: Stars sparkling in the night glow.
1. Have you seen my biking shorts?
2. Yuck! I hate burned toast.
3. I threw the ball to the girl running across the field.
4. The plants growing near the window need water.
5. The filtered water tastes delicious.
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10.2 Diagramming Infinitives
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Remember, these are always to + a verb, and they can act as nouns,
adjectives, or adverbs.
The infinitive!in the example sentences is acting as a noun (the direct
object).
Directions: Diagram the following sentences. Place the word to on an
angled line, and write the verb on a horizontal line coming off of the
angled line.
With a forked line, connect this to the rest of the sentence wherever it
should go. (Infinitives can be nouns, adjectives, or adverbs.)
Example: I love to run.
Infinitives can also take complements and modifiers.
Example: I love to run marathons.
1. My dog love to bark at cars.
2. To master a new skill takes patience and persistence.
3. Jessica entered the race to win.
4. My goal is to live happily!
5. The puppies barked to get my attention.
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Answers
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Chapter 1 Answers:
1.0 Diagramming Subjects and Verbs
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1.1 Diagramming Questions
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Chapter 2 Answers:
2.0 Diagramming Adjectives
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2.1 Diagramming Adverbs
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Diagramming Adjectives and Adverbs
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Chapter 3 Answers:
3.0 Diagramming Adjectival Prepositional Phrases:
Part I
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3.1 Diagramming Adverbial Prepositional Phrases
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3.2 Diagramming Adjectival Prepositional Phrases:
Part II
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3.3 Putting It All Together
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Chapter 4 Answers:
4.0 Diagramming Compound Words
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4.1 Diagramming Compound Phrases
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4.2 Diagramming Compound Sentences
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4.3 Putting It All Together
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Chapter 5 Answers:
5.0 Diagramming Interjections &
Nouns of Direct Address
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Chapter 6 Answers:
6.0 Diagramming Direct Objects
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6.1 Diagramming Indirect Objects
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6.2 Diagramming Direct and Indirect Objects
Note that for #3 the word violently could also be modifying both hit
and threw.
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Chapter 7 Answers:
7.0 Diagramming Passive Verbs
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7.1 Diagramming Linking Verbs
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Chapter 8 Answers:
8.0 Diagramming Adverb Clauses
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8.1 Diagramming Noun Clauses
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Chapter 9 Answers:
9.0 Diagramming Adjective Clauses
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Chapter 10 Answers:
10.0 Diagramming Gerunds
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10.1 Diagramming Participles
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10.2 Diagramming Infinitives
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How did it go? Do you like sentence diagramming?
If you have any questions or comments, feel free to drop me
a line. I’d love to hear from you!
I’m here to answer any of your questions.
Elizabeth O’Brien
http://www.english-grammar-revolution.com
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