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The Medieval view Most knowledge in the middle ages comes from the Bible, Greek/Roman works A New way of thinking Renaissance prompts a new way of thinking Scientific Revolution – New way of viewing natural world – based on observation, inquiry New discoveries, overseas exploration open up thinking – no mention of the new world in the bible – new animals, plants, etc = new truths to be discovered – start questioning old interpretations Scholars make new developments in astronomy, mathematics The Heliocentric Theory Widely accepted geocentric theory challenged as inaccurate Copernicus develops Heliocentric theory – planets revolve around sun - 1543 Later scientists (Kepler and Brahe) mathematically prove Copernicus to be correct Galileo’s Discoveries Italian scientist Galileo Galilee makes key advances in astronomy, publishes Starry Messanger Makes discovery about planet surfaces, supports heliocentric theory Moons of Jupiter Church views astronomy as interfering with gods handiwork, thinks heavens are made of “Pure” substance Conflict with the Church Church attacks Galileo’s work, fears it will weaken people’s faith Pope Robert Bellarmine forces Galileo to declare his and other new findings are wrong Conflict with the Church Church attacks Galileo’s work, fears it will weaken people’s faith Pope Robert Bellarmine forces Galileo to declare his and other new findings are wrong A logical approach A revolution in thinking leads to development of scientific method Series of steps for forming, testing scientific theories Problem/question arising from observation, hypothesis, test/experiment, interpret data/conclusion – conclusion confirms or disproves hypothesis If this, then this – not if not this then this Bacon and Descartes Thinkers Bacon and Descartes help to create the scientific method Bacon urges scientists to experiment before drawing conclusions Descartes advocates using logic, math to reason out basic truths – Decide for oneself, not tradition. Skepticism – one can never know anything for certain I doubt, therefore I think, therefore I am English scientist Isaac Newton develops theory of motion States same forces rule motion of planets, matter in space, earth Motion in space, earth linked by the law of universal gravitation Holds that every object in universe attracts every other object Newton views universe as a vast, perfect mechanical clock Medicine and the Human Body Andreas Vesalius improves knowledge of anatomy – publishes papers based on dissection of humans instead of pigs Edward Jenner produces world’s first vaccination – for smallpox Scientific Instruments Microscope invented by Janssen 1590, bacteria observed through microscope in 1674 by Leeuwenhoek Barometer – Torricelli 1643 Thermometer Fahrenheit- mercury thermometer in 1714 New instruments lead to better observations, new discoveries, challenge the status quo (Aristotle, bible) Discoveries in Chemistry –Boyle’s law reveals interaction of volume, temperature, gas Founder of modern chemistry