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Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ Skills Worksheet CONNECTION TO LANGUAGE ARTS Cross-Disciplinary The Concept of Energy Read the following paragraphs, and complete the exercises below. Starting in the late 1500s, Galileo Galilei performed a number of experiments that have had an enormous influence on the sciences. Galileo examined the behavior of moving objects in many of these experiments to try to understand more about the nature of forces. Among other things, he discovered that the work (the force multiplied by the distance over which the force is exerted) required to lift a weight on a pulley remains constant even though the force or the distance may vary. Because one definition of energy is the capacity to do work, this discovery marked the beginning of one modern concept of energy. PHILOSOPHERS CONTRIBUTED TO OUR UNDERSTANDING OF ENERGY The next step in discovering the law of conservation of energy was made by René Descartes, the French philosopher. He developed the idea that motion is conserved in all physical interactions. Descartes expressed motion by multiplying an object’s mass by its velocity. In contrast, the German philosopher Gottfried Liebniz proposed that the fundamental unit of motion should be expressed by multiplying an object’s mass by its velocity squared. Liebniz called this value (mv2) the “vis viva,” or living force. In 1807, an Englishman, Thomas Young, was the first to use the word energy in the sense in which we use it today. In today’s terms, the vis viva is equal to twice the kinetic energy of a body, while Descartes’s motion is equal to the momentum of a body. EXERCISES 1. Which philosopher developed the idea that motion is conserved in physical interactions? _______________________________________________________________ 2. Who was the first person to use the word energy in today’s modern sense? _______________________________________________________________ 3. How were Galileo’s discoveries important to the development of the concept of energy? _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Holt Science Spectrum 31 Work and Energy