Download AP Biology Chapter 13: How Poopulations Evolve

AP Biology Evolution Packet
Directions: Please read this chapter and answer the following questions on a SEPARATE sheet of paper.
Your answers will be the bulk of your notes for these chapters.
Chapter 13: How Populations Evolve
13.1 – A sea voyage helped Darwin frame his theory of evolution
1. Summarize the views of the following people or groups with regards to the origin of life: Aristotle & Judeo-Christian religion.
2. In December of 1831, Charles Darwin sailed on the HMS Beagle to the S. American coastline. What did Charles Lyell write that
influenced Darwin’s thoughts on evolution?
3. Darwin wrote his “Origin of Species” in 1859. What did he mean by “descent with modification”?
4. How did Darwin’s concept of evolution differ from others before him?
5. What is an adaptation?
6. What was Alfred Wallace’s role in Darwin’s “journey”?
13.2 – The study of fossils provides strong evidence for evolution
7. What are fossils? Name some examples.
8. What parts of animals remain as fossils? Why these parts?
9. What are strata layers and why are they important?
10. What is the fossil record and how does it form? Why is it incomplete?
13.3 – Fossils of transitional forms support Darwin’s theory of evolution
11. How do fossils support Darwin’s theory of “descent with modification”?
12. Briefly describe the evolution of modern day whales.
13.4 - Homologies provide strong evidence for evolution
13. What is homology?
14. What are homologous structures? Give examples.
15. How does molecular biology give insight to homologies?
16. What was Darwin’s “boldest hypothesis”? How does molecular biology support this?
17. What homologous structures do embryos display?
18. What are vestigial structures? Give examples.
13.5 – Homologies indicated patterns of descent that can be shown on an evolutionary tree
19. What is an evolutionary tree? How do homologies help in creating a tree?
20. What do branch points represent on an evolutionary tree? Hatch marks?
13.6 - Darwin proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution
21. What is artificial selection? Give some modern-day examples.
22. What did Darwin learn from artificial selection?
23. What did Malthus say that influenced Darwin?
24. What was Darwin’s connection between artificial selection and natural selection?
25. What are the three key points to natural selection?
13.7 – Scientists can observe natural selection in action
26. How do the Galapagos finches’ beaks and insecticide resistant insects demonstrate natural selection?
13.8 – Mutation and sexual reproduction produce the genetic variation that makes evolution possible
27. How does variation arise?
28. Under what circumstances would a mutant allele improve the adaptive qualities of it’s bearer?
29. Compare mutation rates between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
30. What is the role of sexual reproduction in the creation of variation?
13.9 – Evolution occurs within populations
31. What is a population? Why is it that populations can evolve, but individuals can not?
32. What is a gene pool?
33. What is meant by microevolution?
13.10 – The Hardy-Weinberg equation can test whether a population is evolving
34. What is the principle behind the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
35. What is the Hardy-Weinberg equation and what do the letters stand for?
36. What are the 5 conditions that must be met in order for the H-W equilibrium to be maintained?
37. What are the benefits of using Hardy-Weinberg if these conditions are rarely met?
13.11 – The Hardy-Weinberg equation is useful in public health science
38. Describe how Hardy Weinberg is used to estimate the number of people in the US who are carriers of the PKU allele
13.12 – Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow can cause microevolution
39. What are the three main causes of evolutionary change?
40. What is genetic drift? Explain and give examples of the following types of genetic drift: bottleneck effect & founder effect.
41. What is gene flow?
13.13 – Natural selection is the only mechanism that consistently leads to adaptive evolution
42. What is meant by adaptive evolution?
43. What is meant by relative fitness?
13.14 – Natural selection can alter variation in a population three ways
44. Describe the three types of selection in this section & draw before & after graphs demonstrating each.
13.15 – Sexual selection may lead to phenotypic differences between males and females.
45. What is sexual selection? Explain the two types discussed in this section.
46. What is sexual dimorphism and give examples of how it is an advantage in terms of reproductive success.
13.16 – The evolution of drug-resistant microorganisms is a serious public health concern
47. What are the random and non-random effects of natural selection when discussing antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria?
48. What are two ways humans have contributed to antibiotic resistance?
49. Explain why the following statement is incorrect: “Antibiotics create resistant bacteria”
13.17 – Diploidy and balancing selection preserve genetic variation
50. What is balancing selection?
51. Describe the heterozygote advantage and malarial resistance.
52. What is frequency-dependent selection? Give an example.
13.18 – Natural selection cannot fashion perfect organisms
53. What are the four reasons why natural selection can’t produce perfect organisms?
Chapter 14: The Origin of Species
14.1 – The origin of species is the source of biological diversity
1. What is speciation?
2. How is microevolution different from speciation?
14.2 – There are several ways to define a species
3. List and briefly describe the four different concepts of species.
4. What is meant by reproductive isolation? Why is it so important when discussing speciation?
5. What is meant by a hybrid when discussing biological species? Give an example.
14. 3 – Reproductive barriers keep species separate
6. What is a reproductive barrier?
7. Differentiate between prezygotic vs postzygotic barriers. List and describe the main types of each.
14.4 – In allopatric speciation, geographic isolation leads to speciation
8. Explain the process of allopatric speciation.
14.5 – Reproductive barriers can evolve as populations diverge
9. Provide one example of research involving populations that are in the process of becoming reproductively isolated.
14.6 – Sympatric speciation takes place without geographic isolation
10. How does sympatric speciation occur?
11. How do tetraploid plants arise?
12. Briefly explain how polyploid species are created by hybridization of two species.
14.7 – The origin of most plant species can be traced to polyploidy speciation
13. What percentage of living plant species are descendants of ancestors formed by polyploidy speciation?
14. How many different species of plants does bread wheat, T.aestivum come from?
14.8 – Isolated islands are often showcases of speciation
15. Explain the process of speciation resulting from adaptive radiation.
16. What features of the Galapagos Finches give evidence for adaptive radiation?
14.10 – Hybrid zones provide opportunities to study reproductive isolation
17. What is a hybrid zone?
18. Briefly explain the three possible outcomes of a hybrid zone over time.
14.11 – Speciation can occur rapidly or slowly
19. Compare punctuated equilibrium to gradualism
Chapter 15: Early Earth and the Origin of Life
15.1- Conditions on early Earth made the origin of life possible
1. According to scientific evidence, when did Earth form?
2. Describe the contents of the early atmosphere.
3. What are stromatolites and their significance? Name a modern example.
4. What is the accepted chemical and physical hypothesis about how life arose on Earth?
15.2-Experiments show that the abiotic synthesis of organic molecules is possible
1. Why was the early atmosphere a “reducing” one and why is this significant?
2. What were the possible sources of energy that could allow for organic monomer formation?
3. What was the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis, who tested it and what did they do to support it? What was the outcome of this
experiment and why was it significant?
4. Name an alternate hypothesis regarding the formation of biological molecules.
15.3- Stages in the origin of the first cells prob included the formation of polymers, protocells, and self-replicating RNA.
1. What is the experimental proof that polymers can be formed without enzymes?
2. What is a protocell and how are they thought to have formed? What is the experimental evidence to support this?
3. What were the first “genes” and how did they form? What is the experimental evidence to support this?
4. What are ribozymes and what is their connection to the “RNA world”?
15.4- The origins of single-celled and multicellular organisms and the colonization of land were key events
1. What organisms were responsible for the “oxygen revolution”?
2. How old is the oldest eukaryotic fossil?
3. Describe the progress of evolutionary events shown of Figure 15.4
4. Of all animals, who are the most diverse and widespread?
5. If all of evolutionary time is condensed to 24 hours, at what time did humans appear?
6. For how long did life on Earth exist solely as unicellular organisms?
15.5- The actual ages of rocks and fossils mark geologic time
1. Describe radiometric dating and on what activity does it rely upon?
15.6- The fossil record documents the history of life
1. What are the four eons of Earth’s history?
2. What major events are used to define the end of eras?
3. Characterize the major life forms of the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras.
15.7- Continental drift has played a major role in macroevolution
1. What are the components of the Earth’s crust?
2. Briefly describe the theory of plate tectonics and continental drift.
3. What was the evolutionary significance to the breakup of Pangea?
4. Define and provide some examples of biogeography.
5. Why are marsupials found almost exclusively in Australia and placental mammals everywhere else?
15.8- Plate tectonics may imperil human life
1. Name some devastating events caused by plate tectonics that have impacted humans.
15.9- During mass extinctions, large numbers of species are lost
1. What drives a mass extinction to happen and how many have there been in Earth’s history?
2. Name the two mass extinctions that have gotten the most attention and explain why these two?
3. What is the evidence to support the case of an asteroid and Earth collision about 65 MYA?
4. What data suggests we are currently in the midst of another mass extinction?
15.10- Adaptive radiations have increased the diversity of life
1. What is the one good outcome of a mass extinction? Give an example of this.
2. What is adaptive radiation?
3. What does the evolution of new adaptations have to do with adaptive radiation? Give examples.
15.11- Genes that control development play a major role in evolution
1. What is “evo-devo” and what does it attempt to explain?
2. What is paedomorphosis and give two examples?
3. What are the “changes” that contribute to morphological changes in a species and provide for new species to evolve?
15.12- Novel traits may arise in several ways
1. Define “exaptation” and give an example.
15.13- Evolutionary trends do not mean that evolution is goal directed
1. Explain the following statement; “The evolutionary process is not goal oriented”?
15.14- Phylogenies based on homologies reflect evolutionary history
1. Define phylogeny
2. List evidence that supports/traces phylogenies of many groups.
3. What is convergent evolution?
4. Differentiate between analogy and homology.
5. Give examples of homologous and analogous structure
15.15- Systematics connects classification with evolutionary history
1. What is systematics?
2. Who introduced a system of naming and classifying species?
3. What is a taxonomist?
4. What is binomial nomenclature and how does it name organism?
5. What are Linnaeus’ hierarchy of categories (from most inclusive to least)
6. Species A and Species B are in the same phylum. Species A and Species C, but not Species B, are in the same order. From this
information you can conclude that _____.
7. What is a phylogenic tree?
15.16- Shared characteristics are used to construct phylogenetic trees
1. Define cladistics and clades.
2. Differentiate between shared derived characteristics and shared primitive characteristics.
3. What is a cladogram and how is a cladogram constructed?
4. Differentiate between an ingroup and an outgroup and state the purpose of the outgroup.
5. What does “monophyletic” mean? Give examples
6. Define parsimony.
7. Who are thought to be the closest LIVING relatives of birds? Evidence to support this?
15.17 – An organism’s evolutionary history is documented in its genome
1. What is compared in molecular systematics and what does it indicate?
2. Why is rRNA such a useful tool in molecular systematics?
3. What is mtRNA and for what purpose can we use it for in understanding the rate of evolution?
15.18- Molecular clocks help track evolutionary time
1. What is a molecular clock, how is it constructed and what can it tell us?
2. How do the genomes of different species of lice contribute to a molecular clock?
15.19- Constructing the tree of life is a work in progress
1. Compare the five kingdom system with the three domain system?
2. How many kingdoms fall into the domain Eukarya?
3. What does molecular and cellular evidence suggest about the two lineages of prokaryotes?
4. RECALL – what is the difference between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell.
5. What is horizontal gene transfer, how can it happen and what are the implications of this process?