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Egypt People • 87 Million (15th) • Most populous in the ME and 3rd in Africa • 76% under 25 • Majority Ethnic Egyptians • Bedouin Arabs, Berbers, Nubians • 91% Muslim, 9% Christian (Copts) Economy • GDP $262 billion • 6,600 per capita • Agriculture (29%), Industry (24%), Services (47%) • Tourism, 1% of world total • Political instability from 2011 weakened the tourist industry r Government • • • • • • 2011 Hosni Mubarak overthrown 2013 Mohomed Morsey overthrown 2014 Fatah al Sisi elected 93%of vote 2014 Constitution Semi Presidential Republic President elected every 4 years, may serve 2 terms • 567 seats 27 selected by the president • History • • • • • • • • 1517 Conquered by the Ottomans 1798 Invaded by Napoleon of France 1867 Autonomous vassal state 1882 British Invasion 1914 British protectorate 1922 Revolution and Independence Parliamentary government 1952 Free Officers Movement • • • • • 1956 Suez Nationalised 1967 Six Day War Sinai Occupied Emergency Law 1967 – 1012 Some constitutional rights suspended, censorship, street demonstrations and nonapproved political organizations • • • • • • • • • 1970 Anwar al Sadat President 1973 October War 1978 Camp David Accords 1979 Peace Treaty 1981 al Sadat assassinated, Mubarak President 1997 Luxor massacre 25 January 2011, demonstrations 24 June 2012 Muhammad Morsi, President 26 March 2914, Abdel Fatah al Sisi Al Nasser, Pan Arabism • 1952 Free Officers Movement • Opposition to Western security arrangements • Egyptian Arab Nationalism • Struggle with Iraq over leadership • Arab Cold War • 1955 Baghdad Pact: Pakistan, Iran, Iraq, Turkey, UK Suez Crisis • 1951 Anglo Egyptian Treaty abrogated • ‘Playing the Superpowers’. Recognition of China, Arms deal with USSR • US withdraws financial support for Aswan Dam • Nationalization, Alexandria Speech, Ferdinand de Lesseps • 1956 Tripartite Aggression, Britain, France, Israel • Retake Suez and overthrow Nasser • Diplomatic Pressure US, USSR, UN forced withdrawal • US blocked UK IMF Loans and threatened Israel with sanctions • Saudi Arabia oil embargo on UK, France • Canal re-opened April 1957 after the last IDF troops left Egypt in March 1967 Six Day War • Nasser, “The battle will be a general one and our basic objective will be to destroy Israel“ • Crushing defeat for the Arab coalition • Loss of Sinai Peninsula • 1970 Nasser dies • Anwar al Sadat becomes president Sadat, Post-Nasserism • 1970 Nasser dies • Anwar al Sadat becomes president • Corrective Revolution, Purge of Nasserists Political and Economic Reforms, including multi party system • October war 1973, • Egypt First Policy • 1978 Camp David • Shunned by Islamists and Arab states • Assassinated by Egyptian Islamic Jihad 1981 Mubarak, Islamists, Revolution • Normalized relations with Arab Neighbours • Established pragmatic relations with the West • Inclusion of moderate Islamists, managed the Muslim Brotherhood • 1997 Luxor attack • 1992-1997, Deaths 1,200 • head of the counter-terrorism police a speaker of parliament, over 100 Egyptian police • Crack down on militant groups • 2011 Failed to quell street protests • 11 February 2011 resigned Islam and Politics • • • • • Hassan al Banna, Muslim Brotherhood 1922 Al Azhar founded 970 The Ulema Sayid Qutb executed 1967 Ayman al Zawahiri