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The Renaissance
AP European History
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The Renaissance – Key Terms
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Italian Renaissance
City-States
Republic of Florence
Medici Family
Machiavelli, The Prince
Sack of Rome 1527
Humanism
Secularism
Civic Humanism
Petrarch
Vernacular
Lorenzo Valla
El Greco
Dowries
“Long 16th Century”
16. Patronage
17. Statue of David (Donatello)
18. Statue of David
(Michelangelo)
19. Masaccio, Expulsion of
Adam and Eve
20. “High Renaissance”
21. Leonardo Da Vinci
22. Raphael
23. Michelangelo
24. Northern Renaissance
25. Christian Humanism
26. Thomas More, Utopia
27. Jan van Eyck
28. Peter Brueghel the Elder
The Renaissance (1300-1600)
• The Renaissance is considered the
beginning of Modern European
History.
• It started early in the 14th Century
and lasted until 1527 when Rome
was sacked by foreign armies.
• Primarily located in Italy, with
Florence being its epicenter.
• In England it did not start until the
16th Century and lasted until the
17th Century.
• Shakespeare’s time period.
Origins of the Renaissance
• The Renaissance is characterized by
a rebirth, or resurgence of classical
(Greek and Roman) literature/arts.
• The concept of the Renaissance
came from a 19th century Swiss
Historian named Jacob Burckhardt.
Jacob Burckhardt
The School of Athens - Raphael
The Renaissance
• Renaissance culture applied
almost exclusively to the upper
classes.
• Upper class had luxury time
• Majority of the peasants were
illiterate
• The working classes and
merchants were way too busy to
really care with the arts.
Italian City-States
• Italy was not a unified country, it had
several large powerful city-states
including; Genoa, Venice, Milan, The
Papal States, Naples, Florence.
• Most of these city states relied
heavily on international trade as
their main source of income.
• Signori (despots) or Oligarchies
controlled many of the Italian citystates by 1300.
• These thriving trading towns led to
urbanization, and during this time
period Italy had more sizeable cities
and populations than anywhere else
in Europe.
Italian City-States
• The city-states were NOT allied
together, in fact they competed
for resources, trading routes, and
alliances.
• The weaker states would ally
together to ensure the larger
states could not take them over.
• This city-state adversarial system
eventually led to their downfall
when they were invaded during
the 15th and 16th centuries by the
French and Spanish.
• Why?
Major CityStates
• Republic of Florence (and Genoa)
• Center of the Renaissance during
the 14th and 15th Centuries
• Ruled by the Medici Family
Both images
are of Cosimo
de Medici
• Cosimo de’ Medici (1389-1464) he
was the unofficial ruler of the
Republic of Florence. He was also
the most powerful Medici
• Lorenzo de’ Medici (Lorenzo the
Magnificent) (1449-1492) He was a
large supporter and patron of the
Arts.
• What does that mean?
Major City-States
• Duchy of Milan
• Ruled by the Sforza family after
1450
• Milan was an enemy of Venice
and Florence
Major CityStates
• Rome; The Papal States
• The Pope served as both a spiritual
and political leader, they
controlled most of Central Italy.
Pope Alexander VI
Major City-States
• Venice (Venetian Republic)
• Longest lasting of all other citystates.
• Remained independent until
captured by Napoleon in the
1800s
• Maritime power, and one of the
worlds leaders in Naval Warfare
and Trading during the 14th and
15th Centuries.
Major CityStates
• Naples (Kingdom of the Two Sicilies)
• Southern Italy and the Island of Sicily
• It was the only city state to have a
King.
• Controlled by France between 12661435 and by Spain after 1435.
Ferdinand I of Naples
Foreign Invasions
• Beginning in 1494 the Italian city
states were invaded by outside
forces.
• France invaded Naples, and when
they turned their eyes on Florence,
they tried to appease the French by
overthrowing the reigning Medici
family.
• When the Medici family regained
power several years later Florence
was significantly weaker than they
had been previously.
• Throughout the late 15th and early
16th centuries Italy was a
battleground.
The Sack of
Rome
1527
• Charles V, The Holy Roman Emperor
(and King of Spain) conquered Rome.
• This symbolizes the end of the Italian
Renaissance.
Humanism
• What is Humanism?
• Characteristics of Humanism
• Revival of antiquity (Greco – Roman) in philosophy, literature, and art.
• Strong belief in individualism and the potential of human beings
• Secularism: Interest in things that are not religious (Art, literature, etc)
• Shifted the focus of texts away from theology and towards classical works.
• Focus on studying ancient languages (Latin (Rome) and then Greek)
• By 1500 a large portion of “rediscovered” Greek and Roman texts had been
translated and printed.
• Largely rejected Aristotelian views and medieval scholasticism
• Moved towards Plato, Cicero, Virgil, (Northern Renaissance The New
Testament)
• Believed in a more liberal arts style of education (grammar, rhetoric,
poetry, history, politics, moral philosophy.)
• Civic Humanism: They believed that education should prepare leaders for
civic duty.
Petrarch (1304-1374)
• Petrarch is often referred to as
the “Father of Humanism”
• He is also considered the first
“Modern Writer”
• His writing was not subordinate to
religion.
• Petrarch was influenced heavily
by Cicero (Roman) texts.
• He wrote in the Vernacular
(Italian) as opposed to Latin
(Classical) as was usually the case
during this time period.
Other Humanists
• Leonardo Bruni (1370-1444)
• First person to use the term “humanism”
• Lorenzo Valla (1407-1457)
• Foremost expert on the Latin Language
• Marsilio Ficino (1433 – 1499)
• Founded the Platonic Academy at the behest
of Cosimo de’ Medici in the 1460s
• This spread the works and philosophy of Plato
throughout much of Europe.
• Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494)
• He argued than humans were created by
God and therefore given tremendous
potential for greatness, and even union with
God, if they desired it.
Other Humanist
• Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527)
• Author of The Prince a handbook on
how to be a ruler.
• “The ends justify the means”
• For rulers “it is better to be feared than
to be loved”
• The Prince influenced European rulers
for centuries.
• Baldassare Castiglione (1478-1529)
• The Book of the Courtier (1528)
• Important Renaissance work on Social
etiquette
• Listed the qualities needed to be a true
gentleman.
• Description of an ideal Renaissance
Man
• Johann Gutenberg (1400-1468)
• Invented the Printing Press
• This invention facilitated the spread of
the Reformation
The Printing Press
• The Printing Press by Johannes
Gutenberg is viewed by many as one
of the most important inventions in
all of history.
• He developed moveable type which
allowed for quick copies of works to
be created.
• Copies would no longer need to be
redone by hand (Scriptoria Rooms)
• 1457 The Gutenberg Bible
• First Printed Bible (Why is this
important?)
• The printing press encouraged the
growth of vernacular literature,
why/how?
Italian
Renaissance Art
• Patronage:
• What is patronage? Who could do
this?
• Florence was the leader in
Renaissance art in the 1400s
• Large amounts of Patronage came
from the wealthy families such as
the Medicis.
• Example) The Medici’s hired
Donatello to create David, so it
could be displayed during the
wedding of Leonardo de Medici.
• In Milan the Sforza’s commissioned
Leonardo’s The Last Supper.
Church Patronage
• Patronage also came from the
church.
• They used the Renaissance and the
new art styles as a means of glorifying
God.
• Examples:
• Brunelleschi’s Il Duomo
• Michelangelo’s David
Il Duomo, Florence
Michelangelo’s David
Rome as the new Epicenter
• With the decline of Florence in
the 1400s Rome became the new
capital of the Renaissance.
• Pope Alexander VI spent HUGE
sums of money on art patronage.
• Michelangelo’s dome in St. Peters
Cathedral, his paintings on the
ceiling in the Sistine Chapel, and
the sculpture Pieta.
• Michelangelo was hesitant to take
this job as he considered himself a
sculptor.
• Raphael’s The School of Athens
Raphael’s The School of Athens
New Artistic Techniques
• Painting:
• Geometric Perspective
• 3d effects on a 2d service. Flat
Middle Age Paintings vs “3d”
Renaissance Paintings.
• Chiaroscuro: mixing of light and
dark colors to create the illusion of
depth. Useful for showing emotion
on faces.
Sculptures
• Medieval sculptures often appeared on
buildings and tombs. (Did not glorify the
human body)
• Renaissance sculptures were often free
standing, designed to be seen “in the
round”
• Heavily influenced by Greek and Roman
statues.
• Renaissance states glorified the human
body (nude)
• Similar to Rome and Greece
Architecture
• Gothic Style (Middle Ages)
• Renaissance Style (Greek Temple
Architecture)
• Roman Arches and Domes
• Renaissance architecture
emphasized simplicity, symmetry,
and balance.
Florentine Renaissance Artists
• Giotto (1266 – 1336)
• Considered the first Renaissance artist.
• Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 – 1446)
• Il Duomo
• Leon Battista Alberti (1404 – 1472)
• Architect of several cathedrals utilizing
Greek and Roman styles.
• Lorenzo Ghiberti (1378 – 1455)
• “Gates of Paradise”
• Donatello (1386 – 1466)
• Statue of David
• First Renaissance Artist to utilize a
nude figure in sculpture.
• Masaccio (1401 – 1428)
• Expulsion of Adam and Eve (1427)
• Sandro Botticelli (1444 – 1510)
• The Birth of Venus
Botticelli – The Birth of Venus
“High Renaissance” Artists
• The Renaissance Popes Alexander VI,
Julius II, and Leo X provided
tremendous support (patronage) to
the arts.
• Bramante (1444 – 1514)
• Rebuilt St. Peters cathedral (some parts
were redesigned by Michelangelo)
• Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519)
• The Renaissance Man, Mona Lisa, The
Last Supper.
• Raphael Santi (1483 – 1520)
• School of Athens
• Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475 –
1564)
• Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, David,
Pieta, Dome of St. Peters Cathedral.
Sistine Chapel - Raphael
The Creation of Adam – Close up
The Mona Lisa – Leonardo da Vinci
The Last Supper – Leonardo da Vinci
The Northern Renaissance
• The Northern Renaissance (late-15th and 16th centuries)
• Christian Humanism
• It emphasized early Church writings that provided answers on how to improve
society and reform the Church.
• There was less emphasis on pagan works from ancient Greece and Rome (although
these works were widely read and enjoyed by Christian Humanists).
• Many historians today see more continuity between the Northern and Italian
Renaissance than contrasts.
• It drew on Hebrew and Greek texts of the Bible and the writings of the church
fathers.
• It emphasized education and power of human intellect to bring about institutional
change and moral improvement.
• Its writings led to criticism of the church thus leading to the Protestant Reformation.
Northern Renaissance
Humanists
• Erasmus (1466-1536)
• He was the most famous and celebrated of all northern humanists.
• He was the first humanist to earn a living by writing—an extremely
impressive achievement.
• He made new translations of the Greek and Latin versions of the New
Testament to create ‘purer’ editions.
• In Praise of Folly (1509)
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It was a best-seller (only the Bible sold more by 1550).
Erasmus was a devout Catholic who sought to reform the Church, not destroy it.
He satirized people’s worldly ambitions, including the clergy.
He criticized immorality and hypocrisy of Church leaders and the clergy.
The book inspired renewed calls for reform and influenced Martin Luther.
• Thus, some contemporaries claimed that “Erasmus lay the egg
that Luther hatched” regarding the Reformation.
Northern Renaissance
Humanists
• Thomas More (1478-1536)
• He was a prime example of a civic humanist; he rose to the highest government
position of any humanist—Lord Chancellor to King Henry VIII in England.
• Utopia (1516): More’s humanistic masterpiece
• It mixes civic humanism with religious ideals to describe a perfect (utopian) society
located on an imaginary island.
• More sees the accumulation of property as a root cause for society’s ills; a few have it—
most don’t.
• In order to achieve harmony and order people have to be willing to sacrifice their
individual rights for the common good.
• War, poverty, religious intolerance, and other problems of the early 16th century do not
exist.
• Jacques Lefevre d’Etables (1454-1536)
• He was a leading French humanist and an example of how Northern Christian
humanists focused on early Church writings.
• He produced 5 versions of the Psalms that challenged a single authoritative
version of the Bible.
• A devout Catholic, he was later seen as an enemy of the Church and condemned
for heresy.
• Francesco Ximenes de Cisneros (1436-1517):
• He was a Spanish humanist who reformed the Spanish clergy and church
so that many of the Church abuses that were highlighted during the
Reformation did not necessarily apply to Spain
• He was Grand Inquisitor of the Spanish Inquisition (which shows not all
humanists were necessarily tolerant of heretical views).
• Juan Luis Vives (1493-1540)
• He was a Spanish humanist who spent most of his adult life in the
Netherlands.
• His study of the human psyche has earned him the reputation as “father”
of modern psychology.
• This illustrates how human beings were now important enough to be
studied in depth, as opposed to medieval notions of humans and
individuals as unworthy of such study.
• Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592)
• He developed the essay form.
• The essay became a vehicle for
testing new ideas.
• Skepticism
• He doubted that true knowledge
could be obtained.
• He believed that the skeptic must be
cautious, critical and suspend
judgment.
• Thus, one must be tolerant of others’
views.
• William Shakespeare (1564-1616) –
Elizabethan era
• He is the greatest of the English
Renaissance authors.
• His works reflected the Renaissance
ideas of classical Greek and Roman
culture, individualism and
humanism.
• He wrote comedies, tragedies,
histories and sonnets.
Northern Renaissance Art
• Northern Renaissance Art
• Flemish style: the Low Countries
produced especially important
artists.
• Characteristics
• Heavily influenced by the Italian
Renaissance
• More minute detail throughout
paintings
• Use of oil paints (in contrast to
Italian Renaissance that used
tempera)
• More emotional than the Italian style
• Works often preoccupied with death
Arnolfini and his Wife – Jan Van Eyck (1434)
Northern Artists
• Jan Van Eyck (c. 1339- c. 1441)
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Most famous and innovative Flemish painter of the 15th century
Perfected oil painting
Naturalistic wood panel paintings used much religious symbolism
Employed incredible detail in his works
Masterpiece: Ghent Altarpiece (1432)
• Arnolfini and his Wife (1434) is perhaps his most famous work.
• Peter Brueghel the Elder (1520-1569)
• Focused on lives of ordinary people (e.g. Peasant Dance (1568)
(See right), Peasant Wedding (c. 1568), and The Battle Between
Carnival and Lent (1559)
• He was not influenced much by the Italian Renaissance.
th
th
Life in the 16 and 17
Centuries
• Society was rigidly hierarchical
• Countryside
• In Catholic countries, the clergy was the most powerful group as they were
viewed as intermediaries between the people and God; nobles were below
the clergy.
• In Protestant countries, manorial lords (nobles) were at the top of the social
ladder.
• Peasants constituted the largest percentage of the rural population; many
owned land and most were involved in subsistence agriculture.
• Towns:
• Merchants (bourgeoisie) were among the wealthiest and most
powerful.
• Artisans were skilled craftsmen such as weavers, blacksmiths,
carpenters, masons, etc (often belonged to guilds).
• Laborers did mostly low-skilled jobs for low wages.
• Education or wealth became the means of moving up the social ladder
(for the fortunate few).
Population in the 16th and 17th Centuries
• “Long 16th century”: population growth
grew steadily between 1450 and 1650
(recovered to pre-Plague levels).
• Population growth leveled by 1650 until
about 1750 when it rose again (due to the
agricultural revolution).
• Cities saw larger increases than the
countryside.
• Life expectancy
• Average lifespan for men: 27 years
• Average lifespan for women: 25 years
• Major causes of death?
Jan Van Eyck Self Portrait
16th and 17th Century Life
• Local church and authorities
continued to enforce communal
norms.
• Controls on marriage
• Unwed mothers with illegitimate
children were seen as a threat to the
community.
• Young pregnant couples often received
intense pressure from the community
to marry in such cases.
• Charivari was used as a means of
public humiliation.
• Those who committed adultery or beat
their spouse might be paraded around
their village riding backwards on a
donkey while holding up the donkey’s
tail.
16th and 17th Century Life
• Popular culture, leisure activities, and
rituals reflecting the persistence of
folk ideas reinforced and sometimes
challenged communal ties and norms.
• The culture of villages remained
more oral, rather than written
(despite increases in literacy).
• Women often gathered in cottages to
socialize.
• Men often went to the village tavern
to drink and socialize
• Blood sports such as bullbaiting and
cockfighting were popular.
• Carnival was popular in Catholic
countries whereby excess partying
preceded Lent (a 40-day period of
fasting and penitence before Easter).
Women during the
Renaissance
• Wealthy women
• La Querelle des Femmes (“The Issue of
Women”): A new debate emerged over
the proper role of women in society
(starting with Christine de Pisan in the
14th century); the debate continued for
six hundred years.
• Women enjoyed increased access to
education.
• However, lost some status compared to
women in the Middle Ages; women
functioned now as “ornaments” to their
middle-class or upper-class husbands.
• Women were to make themselves
pleasing to the man (Castiglione)—only
applied to the upper classes.
• Sexual double-standard: women were to
remain chaste until marriage; men were
permitted to be sexually active.
Women of the Renaissance
• Christine de Pisan (1363?-1434?): The City of Ladies (1405); The
Book of Three Virtues
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She chronicled the accomplishments of great women in history.
In essence, it was the Renaissance woman’s survival manual.
She was perhaps Europe’s first feminist.
She had been extremely well-educated in France.
• Isabella d’Este (1474-1539): The “First Lady” of the Renaissance
• She set an example for women to break away from their traditional roles
as ornaments to their husbands.
• She ruled Mantua after her husband died.
• She and her siblings were well educated
• She was a major patron of the arts.
• She founded a school for young women.
• She wrote over 2,000 letters that provide a window into politics and
courtly life at that time.
Marriage and Family
• The status and lifestyle of peasant and
working-class women changed little
compared to the Middle Ages.
• Rural and urban households worked as
units, with men and women engaged
in complementary tasks.
• The family remained the primary and
social and economic institution of
early modern Europe.
• European Family Pattern
• Nuclear family: poor people tended to
be unable to support extended
families.
• Wealthier people (and some
landowning peasants) tended to have
extended families living together.
Marriage and Family
• Marriage was based on economic considerations; not love.
• Parents played a large role when property was involved.
• Dowries were extremely important in wealthy families; also important in
common families.
• Women tended to play a more significant role in the economy in northern
Europe.
• The average age of marriage for both men women in western Europe
was between 25 and 27 years of age (this is surprisingly late); in
eastern Europe the average age was about 20.
• Class issues: the rich tend to marry earlier than middle classes, and poor
tend to marry earlier too, or not to marry at all (10 to 20%).
• In Italy, the age gap between husbands and wives in the middle class was
larger than in northern Europe.
• Increased infanticide and abandonment (among the poor) occurred.
• An increase of foundling hospitals (2/3 of abandoned babies were girls)
resulted.
• There was a low rate of illegitimate births.
Marriage
and Family
• Divorce was available in certain
areas (still very limited)
compared to the Middle Ages
where divorce was non-existent.
• This was largely due to a modest
increase in divorce in
Reformation countries.
• Rape was not considered a
serious crime.
• More prostitution existed than
in the Middle Ages.
Renaissance Witch Hunts
• 70,000-100,000 people were killed
between 1400 and 1700.
• Causes
• Popular belief in magic
• “Cunning folk” had been common in
European villages for centuries: played
a positive role in helping villagers deal
with tragedies such as plagues,
famines, physical disabilities, and
impotence
• Claims to power often by the elderly
or impoverished, and especially,
women
• The Catholic Church claimed that
powers came from either God or the
Devil
• Used witch hunts to gain control over
village life in rural areas.
Renaissance Witch Hunts
• Women were seen as “weaker vessels” and prone to
temptation: constituted 80% of victims
• Most between age 45 and 60; unmarried
• Misogyny (hatred of women) may have played a role as Europe was a
highly patriarchal society
• Most midwives were women; if babies died in childbirth midwives could
be blamed
• Religious wars and divisions created a panic environment; the
scapegoating of “witches” ensued.
• Leaders tried to gain the loyalty of their people and appeared to
be protecting them.
• With the Protestant Reformation and sola fide (“justification by faith
alone”) increasing numbers of people with means denied charity to
beggars and eventually became targets of the poor who blamed their
misfortunes on those who had denied them help.
End of the Witch Hunts
• End of witch hunts
• The Scientific Revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries increasingly
discredited superstition.
• Advances in medicine and the advent of insurance companies enabled
people to better take care of themselves when calamities struck.
• Witch trials had become chaotic; accusers could become the accused
(thus, using witch trials for political gain could be very risky).
• The Protestant Reformation emphasized God as the only spiritual force in
the universe.
• Yet, witch trials did occur in great numbers in Protestant countries as well.
• Some literature of the 16th & 17th century implied that people had a large
degree of control over their own lives and did not need to rely on
superstition.