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Sociology: Understanding and Changing the Social World Chapter 3 Socialization and Social Interaction Learning Objectives • Describe why socialization is important for being fully human • Describe the theories of Cooley, Mead, Freud, Piaget, Kohlberg, Gilligan, and Erikson • Identify five agents of socialization • Describe good and bad aspects of the socialization these agents produce • Discuss what is meant by resocialization • List any two characteristics of a total institution Learning Objectives • Describe what is meant by dramaturgy and by impression management • Distinguish between role and status • Provide one example of role conflict or role strain • Explain why new patterns of socialization might help address certain social ills in American society The Importance of Socialization • Without socialization: – One would look human, but would not act human – We would not have our society and culture • Social interaction is very important for socialization • Feral: Children who have been extremely socially isolated – They are socially, cognitively, and emotionally retarded Explaining Socialization Explaining Socialization Explaining Socialization Explaining Socialization Agents of Socialization • • • • • Family Schools Peers Mass media Religion Resocialization and Total Institutions • Resocialization: A dramatic change in a person’s beliefs, values, and behavior, often occurring in total institutions • Total institutions: Institutions that have total control over their residents’ lives • Characteristics of total institutions: – They take away the identity of their residents in an effort to weaken their self-identity and ensure conformity to the institutions’ rules – They subject their residents to harsh treatment Social Interaction • Dramaturgical approach: Erving Goffman’s metaphor for understanding social interaction – He meant that we can understand social interaction as if it were a theatrical performance • Impression management: Erving Goffman’s term for the process whereby individuals who are interacting try to convey a favorable impression of themselves • According to Erving Goffman, some interaction occurs in the “frontstage,” or front region, while other interaction occurs in the “backstage” Social Interaction • Few other forms of impressions management: – The way we dress – The way we arrange the appearance of the settings in which we interact • Social reality is socially constructed • Social construction of reality: The process by which individuals understand and create reality through their interaction with other individuals Social Interaction • Status: Position a person occupies in society, such as parent, sibling, or teacher • Status set: All the statuses that an individual holds • Three kinds of statuses: – Ascribed – Achieved – Master Social Interaction • Every status is accompanied by a role • Role: Behavior expected of an individual in a particular status – It help us shape our personalities • Types of role problems – Role conflict: Problems arising when a person has to deal with competing demands on two or more roles • To resolve role conflict, we have to choose between one role or the other, which is not a easy choice to make Social Interaction – Role strain: Problems arising when a person performing a role has to deal with competing demands on that role – Occupying a status whose role demands a certain type of personality that differs from the one we actually have • An example of role strain – You are a high school principal, the high school has a dress code – The students may want you to abolish it, the teachers and superintendents may want you to keep it, and maybe the school board would agree with the students – In trying to please all these factions, you may experience some role strain Socialization Practices and Improving Society • Some of the social ills facing the United States and other societies are: hate crime, other crime, violence against women, sexism, and racism • New patterns of socialization are necessary to address these problems