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Excretory System
Bobby Singh & Chudi Mbanefo
The Kidney
1.
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Function
The main function of the kidney is to
maintain homeostasis of the blood
– removes toxins created by
metabolism or ingested in diet
– removes excess water
Renal Pelvis sends all produced waste
(urine) to the ureter to be released
Urine flows down the ureter to the
bladder where it is stored until release
When bladder is ready to release
urine, the urethra opens and allows
the bladder to empty
The Kidney (cont.)
2. Structure
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Every human has TWO kidneys made
up of millions of Nephrons.
Renal Artery carries in blood with
waste
Renal Vein carries out blood without
waste
There are three parts in a kidney:
1. renal cortex
2. renal medulla
3. renal pelvis
RENAL: pertaining to the kidney
Major calyces are found all throughout
the kidney and carry all collected
waste
The Renal Structures
1.
Renal Cortex:
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2.
Outer layer of kidney, its
extensions, renal columns,
extend into the renal medulla
part of the kidneys made of
nephrons and blood vessels.
main function is to purify the
blood and clear the body of
waste products.
located between the capsule
and the medulla and can be
recognized by its pale color.
Renal Medulla:
– Located deep to the cortex and
– The inner most portion of a
kidney
– Consists of multiple renal
pyramids (cone shaped)
• Tips of the cones (papillae)
project into the minor calyces
of the renal pelvis.
The Renal Structures (cont.)
– Blood vessels from the renal
artery are found on the border
of the medulla and provide
circulation for the kidney
– blood passes through the
medulla, the last stop for blood
going through the kidney
3. Renal Pelvis:
– where flow of the urine begins
– connects the main body kidney
to the ureter
– place where all the major
calyces meet up to get down
The Nephron
Basic functional unit of the kidney
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made up of a knot of coiled capillaries
1. Glomerulus
– Small blood vessel that looks like a ball of yarn.
– The filtering actually occurs in the glomerulus.
– Acts as a filter, keeping in normal proteins and cells and letting out
wastes.
2. Tubule
– Also called the renal or kidney tubule, is the tube where the wastes
filtered out from the glomerulus pass through
Function
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Removes extra, unnecessary water, wastes and other substances from your blood.
Replenishes substances like sodium, potassium or phosphorus whenever any of
these run low in your body.
The Ureter
Ureter Structure:
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tubes made of smooth muscle
when fully developed, ureters are
usually 10–12 in long (diameter of
ureters are half the diameter of an
average capillary!)
Ureter Function:
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pump urine from the kidneys to the
urinary bladder
connects to kidney by way of the
renal pelvis
In males, the ureter is found on
genital-fold while in females it is
found on the uterosacral ligament.
The Bladder
Breaking Down the Urge
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large sack of smooth muscle that holds urine until the body is ready, or forced, to
release it
stretch receptors in the sack create the “I GOTTA PEE NOW,” feeling
When emptied the bladder is about the size and shape of a pear, the walls
collapse into folds called rugae
the average human bladder can hold 400-600 mL
Disorders/Conditions
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Cystitis: also called Painful Bladder Syndrome (PBS) inflammation in the bladder
causing chronic pain
Urinary Retention: Urine does not exit the bladder consistently due to issues with
muscle in the bladder. The bladder may swell to hold more than a quart of urine.
Cytocele: (women only) Weakened pelvic muscles, usually from childbirth, allow
the bladder to press on the vagina. Creates complications with urination.
Bedwetting: chronic urination while sleeping common in children up to 5 years
old. In older cases it is considered “being a little baby.” Nothing to be ashamed of
though.
The Urethra
• Release path from the bladder for
the created urine
• Has two sphincters to regulate
the flow of urine by opening and
closing
– Internal: involuntary/no control,
smooth muscle that is the same
in both males and females
– External: voluntary/some
control, skeletal muscle that
differs by gender
• females- made up of three
muscles that work together
that constrict together to
squeeze the vagina and the
urethra at the same time
• males- functions the same as
the internal sphincter
Kidney Diseases
1.
Kidney Failure
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takes place when kidneys begin to not function properly
Results in accumulation of waste products and toxic products
Kidney begins to function less than 20%
May cause permanent damage to body cells, tissues, and organs
Kidney Stones
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Small hard deposits forming inside the kidney
Usually form when urine becomes concentrated, allowing minerals to crystallize
and stick together.
No permanent damage is caused and a simple way to rid the stone is by drinking
lots of water and taking pain medications.
May need surgery in certain cases.
Kidney Diseases
3.
Diabetic Kidney Problems
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Diabetes causes your blood sugars to be too high
Kidneys are unable to properly filter the rising amounts of sugar
One of the main causes of kidneys failure
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
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Can occur in any part of your urinary system (kidneys, ureters,
bladder and urethra)
Caused by germs getting into the urinary tract system through the
urethra
Women are at greater risk to develop UTI than men because of
their shorter urethra
Antibiotics are the basic treatment for these infections
If not treated quick enough, it can damage your kidneys and lead to
a kidney infection as well
Works Cited
1. "The Bladder (Human Anatomy): Function, Picture, Location, Definition." WebMD. WebMD, 1
July 2009. Web. 11 May 2013. <http://www.webmd.com/urinary-incontinence-oab/picture-ofthe-bladder>.
2. "Excretory System." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, n.d. Web. 11 May 2013.
<http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/e/excretory_system.htm>.
3. Mangusan, David, Jr. "Kidney Health Care (KHC)." The Nephron. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 May 2013.
<http://www.kidneyhealthcare.com/2010/12/nephron-structure-functionnephron.html>.
4. Riebe, Mary. "The Structure of the Kidney." The Structure of the Kidney. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 May
2013. <http://www.wisconline.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=NUR2503>.
5. Spence, Alexander P. Basic Human Anatomy. Redwood City, CA: Benjamin/Cummings Pub.,
1982. Print.
6. Walker, Richard. Firefly Guide to the Human Body. Toronto: Firefly, 2004. Print.
7. "What Is the Renal Cortex?" WiseGEEK. WiseGEEK, n.d. Web. 11 May 2013.
<http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-the-renalcortex.htm>.
8. YouTube. Perf. Khan Academy. YouTube. YouTube, 03 Mar. 2010. Web. 12 May 2013.
<http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cc8sUv2SuaY>.