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Unit 4: Bonds, Formulas & Names Chemical Bonding • A chemical bond is formed when atoms of elements change the number of valence electrons they have to get 8 or 2 • A chemical bond combines elements together to form a compound! 2 Types of Chemical Bonds 1. Ionic Bond – gain or lose valence electrons • This is a chemical bond formed by the attraction between positive (+) and negative (-) ions. What types of elements form Ionic Bonds? Metal elements: • Lose valence electrons to form (+) ions • Easier to lose than gain to get 8 Non Metal elements: • Gain valence electrons to form (-) ions • Easier to gain than lose to get 8 For example: Sodium (Na) and Chlorine (Cl) form an Ionic bond 2 Types of Chemical Bonds 2. Covalent Bond – share valence electrons • This is a chemical bond formed by the sharing valence electrons between 2 atoms What type of element forms Covalent bonds? Non Metal elements: • Neither atom wants to lose an electron • Both atoms have high ionization energy For example: Hydrogen and Chlorine form a covalent bond Physical Bonds Metallic Bond • This is a Physical Bond formed between metal elements. • Electrons flow freely in a “sea of electrons” surrounding their positive nuclei. What type of element forms Metallic Bonds? Metal elements • A metallic bond does NOT produce a compound • The metallic bond gives metals malleability and great conductivity! *Metal video?* 2 Types of Covalent bonds Things to remember: • A covalent bond is a shared pair of electrons between 2 non-metal elements • Each element will not share the electrons equally (due to different electronegativity) 1. Polar Covalent = Valence electrons NOT shared equally ** Use delta ( 2. δ) to indicate partial charge Non-Polar Covalent = Valence electrons shared equally • Dr. HOFBrINCl Examples: Hydrogen & Fluorine form a Polar Covalent bond Molecular Fluorine forms a Non Polar Covalent bond Polar or nonpolar Covalent? Ionic? How to tell? • Type(s) of element(s) combining together o Metal + Non metal o Non metal + Non metal o Same Non metal? • Difference in Electronegativity Electronegativity Difference ≤ 0.4 between 0.4 and 1.7 ≥ 1.7 Bond Type nonpolar covalent polar covalent ionic