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Test Review/ Study Guide: Unit 6 – The Americas Time Periods: Olmec lasted around 1000 years Olmec culture lived in BC Maya existed for more than 3500 years! Based in Mesoamerica lived in the lowlands of Mexico Olmec lived in lowlands Based in Mesoamerica lived in the lowlands of Mexico Located in present day Mexico Yucatan Peninsula Olmec did not build large cities like the Maya Built great cities: Copán Palenque Tikal Uxmal Chichén Itzá (in Yucatan Peninsula) Built great cities: Tenochtitlan (in lake Texoco) Mayas were ruled by kings and priests Montezuma II Geographi c Areas: Cities: Rulers & Governme nt: Aztec lasted around 1000 years Aztecs lived in AD Based in Mesoamerica Located in present day Mexico Lake Texoco Inca Andes Mountains Based in Peru Incas lived in highlands Incas lived in the mountains Incas lived in the mountains of Peru and used llamas to help with farming Lima, Peru Cusco- Incas rose and established their capital at Cusco; Andes Mountains Machu Picchu Pachacuti- Inca ruler greatly expanded the empire while commissioning many monumental building projects Incas were ruled by an established government Ways that the Inca government kept control of such a large empire: ‒ Having trained administrators and similar buildings in each province of the empire ‒ An advanced road system that allowed ‒ ‒ Deeply religious and built pyramids Played games with rubber balls Built temples and pyramids to worship and remember their gods Mummified and buried kings Worshipped sun god Religious Traditions, etc.: Olmec practiced "slash + burn farming" Farming: Deeply religious and built pyramids Played games with rubber balls The Maya practiced human sacrifices Built huge ceremonial temples where they performed human sacrifices Worshipped many gods (polytheistic) Maya worshipped the sun god, creator, moon goddess, & maize god. They believed that the gods each controlled different aspects of life. Gods were believed to help or harm the Maya. People offered blood and pierced skin to give the gods blood the keep them happy. On occasions, human sacrifices were made. Hearts were offered to the stone carvings of the gods. Maya practiced "slash + burn farming" Deeply religious Worshipped many gods (polytheistic) Human Sacrifices Worshipped sun god Aztecs established irrigation systems & built terrace form structures (terrace farming) communication across the empire The ayllu system of community work treated the conquered people well Deeply religious Built huge ceremonial temples where they performed human sacrifices Built temples and pyramids to worship and remember their gods Mummified and buried kings Worshipped sun god Incas practiced terrace farming and used irrigation Olmecs were the first ones to use Hieroglyphics Maya wrote in Hieroglyphics Maya developed the most advanced writing system in the ancient Americas Mayan writingconsisted of about 800 hieroglyphic symbols, glyphs (some stood for whole words, others for symbols) Used glyphs to record important historical events, carving their glyphs in stone or recording them in a barkpaper book known as a codex. Only 3 of these ancient books have survived. Language Glyphs Book Codex Studied astronomy Built giant structures and sculptures from stone Studied astronomy and developed calendars Mayans made great advances in mathematics & astronomy - their knowledge of both made them create the Mayan calendar Created the concept of zero in math Independent citystates (like the Greeks!) City states: had alliances and wars, Writing System & Record Keeping: Innovation s: History: Formed as a river valley civilization Oldest civilization in the Americas Aztecs used terrace farming and irrigation Aztecs used Hieroglyphics Studied astronomy and developed calendars Built giant structures and sculptures from stone One empire heavily focused on conquest Unified empires that spread out of their capitals Inca had no writing system Quipus- khipus or “talking knots”recording devicesusually consisted of colored, spun, and plied thread or strings made from cotton or camelid fiber. For the Inca, the system aided in collecting data and keeping records, ranging from monitoring tax obligations, properly collecting census records, calendrical information, and military organization. Memories were passed from generation to generation by story telling. The Incas used knotted ropes to measure and record events in history. Incas built hundreds of miles of roads Highly interconnected empire by advanced road system Reason for Decline: Similar to other Ancient civilization s: but all traded with each other and shared a common culture. Olmec gradually Fell due to infighting disappeared along with possible famine (not enough Fell as a result of food)… gradually unproved cause disappeared – Fell as a result of unproved cause Maya disappeared back into the jungle Maya lasted much longer than the Olmecs Maya lived much earlier than the Aztecs ; Also the Maya civilization lasted longer Because of their start as a Due to their reliance river valley civilization and on trade between use of early picture independent city markings on tablets, the states, the Maya Olmec’s were similar to the were similar to the Egyptians. Greeks One of the giant heads sculpted by the Olmec people. (We are unsure, but we think they represent the heads of past rulers) Unified empires that spread out of their capitals Fell due to conquest by the Spanish under Hernan Cortes(Aztec were taken over by Spanish) Aztec fell to Spanish invaders Aztec (& Inca) civilizations ended in the 1500's when the Spanish took over Lasted until the Spanish conquest by Francisco Pizzaro- (the Inca were conquered by conquistadors) Incas were wept out by Spanish Settlers Inca (& Aztec) civilizations ended in the 1500's when the Spanish took over Because of their pride in efficient and brutal conquests, the Aztecs were similar to the Assyrians. Due to advanced engineering in roads/buildings along with their desire to make conquered people citizens, the Inca were similar to the Roman Empire. Quipo- “talking knots”- recording devices Arts: Facts: Olmec- first civilization in the region- their culture spread far and wide. 1st to build sacred cities made of stone - their art, Mit’a system- the people trading their work for food and goods form the Inca government religion, ball games were passed onto other cultures, Mit'a was effectively a form of tribute to the Inca government in the form of labor. In the Incan Empire, public service was required in community-driven projects such as the building of their extensive road network. Military service was also mandatory. The Mesoamerican ball-game helped entertain the people while honoring the gods (sacrificing the winner) The Olmec passed their traditions like human sacrifice, the Mesoamerican ball-game and writing of cuneiform to the Maya & Aztecs. - FALSE Compare the Mayan and Inca systems of keeping records. Provide at least one detail on each on how they are similar or different: Maya Maya developed the most advanced writing system in the ancient Americas Mayan writing- consisted of about 800 hieroglyphic symbols, glyphs (some stood for whole words, others for symbols) Used glyphs to record important historical events, carving their glyphs in stone or recording them in a bark-paper book known as a codex. Only 3 of these ancient books have survived Keeping Records: Both: Calendars to keep information about the gods and Inca: Inca had no writing system Quipus- khipus or “talking knots”recording devices-usually consisted of colored, spun, and plied thread or strings made from cotton or camelid fiber. For the Inca, the system aided in collecting data and keeping records, ranging from monitoring tax obligations, properly collecting census records, calendrical information, and military organization Memories were passed from generation to generation by story telling. The Incas used knotted ropes to measure and record events in history.