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Name ________________________________ Hour _____ Due Date _________________ Inside Earth – Chapter 1 Page Page Page Page Page Page Page 1 – Convection Currents and the Mantle 2 – What’s Happening During Convection? 3 - Drifting Continents 4 – The Curious Case of Mesosaurus 5 - Sea-Floor Spreading 6 – The Theory of Plate Tectonics 7 – The Birth of the Himalayas Grade Requirements: C complete pages 1,3,5,6 B complete pages 1,2,3,5,6 A complete pages 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Name ____________________________________ Date __________ Class ___________________ SECTION 1-2 REVIEW AND REINFORCE Convection Currents and the Mantle ◆ Understanding Main Ideas 1 Label each figure by writing the type of heat transfer it shows. 1. _______________ 2. _______________ 3. _______________ Answer the following questions in the spaces provided. 4. What are convection currents and what causes them? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 5. What causes convection currents in Earth’s mantle? © Prentice-Hall, Inc. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ◆ Building Vocabulary If the statement is true, write true. If it is false, change the underlined word or words to make the statement true. _________________ 6. The transfer of energy through empty space is called convection. _________________ 7. The movement of energy from a warmer object to a cooler object is called heat transfer. _________________ 8. Conduction is heat transfer by direct contact of particles of matter. _________________ 9. Radiation is the transfer of heat by the movement of a heated fluid. _________________ 10. Density is a measure of how much heat there is in a volume of a substance. Inside Earth Teaching Resources F ◆ 21 Name ____________________________________ Date __________ Class ___________________ SECTION 1-2 ENRICH What’s Happening During Convection? 1 The figure below shows a convection cell in Earth’s mantle. A convection cell is one complete loop of a convection current. Use the figure to answer the questions that follow. Lithosphere B C D A Mantle Core Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Where does the heat come from that drives this convection current in the mantle? 2. Where is the temperature of the mantle material greater, at point B or point C? Explain why. 3. Where is the density of the material greater, at point A or point B? Explain why. © Prentice-Hall, Inc. 4. What causes the convection cell to turn to the left at point B? 5. What happens to the temperature and density of the material between points B and C? 6. What force causes the convection cell to turn down at point C? 7. What happens to the temperature and density of the material between points D and A? 8. What causes the convection cell to turn up at point A? 9. How do you think this convection cell might affect the crust material above it? 22 ◆ F Teaching Resources Inside Earth Name ____________________________________ Date __________ Class ___________________ SECTION 1-3 REVIEW AND REINFORCE Drifting Continents ◆ Understanding Main Ideas 1 Fill in the blanks in the table below. Evidence for Continental Drift Type of Evidence Example of Evidence a. Mountain ranges in South America and Evidence from 1. _______________ Evidence from Fossils 2. _______________ line up b. European coal fields match with similar coal fields in North America a. Fossils of the plant 3. _______________ found in rocks on widely separated landmasses a. Fossils of tropical plants found near Arctic Ocean Evidence from 4. _______________ b. Scratches in rocks made by 5. _______________ found in South Africa Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper. © Prentice-Hall, Inc. 6. State the hypothesis of continental drift. 7. Why did most scientists reject Wegener’s theory for nearly a half century? ◆ Building Vocabulary Fill in the blank to complete each statement. 8. All the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called _______________ , meaning “all lands.” 9. A(n) _______________ is any trace of an ancient organism preserved in rock. 10. Wegener’s theory that the continents slowly moved over Earth’s surface became known as _______________ . Inside Earth Teaching Resources F ◆ 25 Name ____________________________________ Date __________ Class ___________________ SECTION 1-3 ENRICH The Curious Case of Mesosaurus Africa 1 South America Mesosaurus Areas where Mesosaurus fossils have been found About 265 million years ago, a reptile called Mesosaurus lived in just a few places on Earth. This fairly small, lizardlike reptile measured 71 centimeters from its nose to the tip of its tail—or about two thirds of a meter. Its body was long and flexible, perfect for swimming swiftly through the water. Mesosaurus was a hunter of small fish and other aquatic animals. Its webbed feet and long tail worked like powerful paddles as it chased and captured its food. Like all other reptiles, Mesosaurus breathed air, so it had to return to the surface after hunting underwater. Freshwater ponds and lakes were its habitat. © Prentice-Hall, Inc. In the 1800s, scientists began finding fossils of these ancient reptiles, which had long since become extinct. These fossils were found in only two regions, southern Africa and the southern part of South America. The shaded areas on the map show where fossils of Mesosaurus have been discovered. This distribution is a curious one—only two regions far from each other and separated by the Atlantic Ocean. What could explain this distribution? Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Describe the kind of environment in which Mesosaurus lived. 2. Is it likely that Mesosaurus swam back and forth across the Atlantic Ocean? Explain. 3. What could explain this distribution of Mesosaurus fossils? 4. Does the case of Mesosaurus support Wegener’s theory of continental drift? Explain why or why not. 5. Does the case by itself prove the theory? Explain why or why not. 26 ◆ F Teaching Resources Inside Earth Name ____________________________________ Date __________ Class ___________________ SECTION 1-4 REVIEW AND REINFORCE Sea-Floor Spreading ◆ Understanding Main Ideas 1 Use the figure below to answer the questions that follow. Answer the questions on a separate sheet of paper. B A Ocean floor Continent ,,,,,, ,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,, Ocean floor C Continental crust Oceanic crust Molten material Mantle 1. Name and describe the feature of the ocean floor shown at A. 2. Describe the process shown occurring at B, and explain what results from this. 3. What happens to old oceanic crust as new molten material rises from the mantle? 4. The arrows on the figure show the ocean floor spreading from the ridge. What are three kinds of evidence scientists have found to support this idea? © Prentice-Hall, Inc. 5. What process is shown occurring at C, and why does it occur? ◆ Building Vocabulary Fill in the blank to complete each statement. 6. A device that scientists use to map the ocean floor is _______________ . 7. The feature on the ocean floor at C is called a(n) _______________ . 8. The process that continually adds new material to the ocean floor is called _______________ . 9. The process by which the ocean floor sinks into the mantle is called _______________ . 10. The chain of mountains that extends into all of Earth’s oceans is the _______________ . Inside Earth Teaching Resources F ◆ 29 Name ____________________________________ Date __________ Class ___________________ SECTION 1-5 REVIEW AND REINFORCE The Theory of Plate Tectonics ◆ Understanding Main Ideas 1 Label each figure by writing the type of plate boundary it shows. 1. _______________ 2. _______________ 3. _______________ Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper. 4. Describe what happens when a. two plates carrying oceanic crust collide, b. two plates carrying continental crust collide, and c. a plate made of oceanic crust collides with a plate carrying continental crust. 5. Explain what force caused the movement of the continents from one supercontinent to their present positions. ◆ Building Vocabulary Fill in the blank to complete each statement. © Prentice-Hall, Inc. 6. A scientific _______________ is a well-tested concept that explains a wide range of observations. 7. Breaks in Earth’s crust where rocks have slipped past each other are called _______________ . 8. The lithosphere is broken into separate sections called _______________ . 9. A(n) _______________ is a deep valley on land that forms along a divergent boundary. 10. The geological theory that states that pieces of Earth’s crust are in constant, slow motion is called _______________ . Inside Earth Teaching Resources F ◆ 33 Name ____________________________________ Date __________ Class ___________________ SECTION 1-5 ENRICH The Birth of the Himalayas 100 Million Years Ago 1 North America South America 50 Million Years Ago North America Asia Europe Europe Asia Africa Africa India Australia Australia South America Antarctica India Antarctica The greatest challenge for mountain climbers is Mt. Everest, whose peak rises 8,872 meters above sea level. This is the highest mountain in the world, though many mountains around it are almost as high. Mt. Everest is in the Himalayas, a series of massive ranges that extends 2,500 kilometers across South Asia north of India. The Himalayas cover all or part of the countries of Tibet, Nepal, and Bhutan. © Prentice-Hall, Inc. A climber on the high slopes of Mt. Everest would probably be surprised to learn that the region was relatively flat about 40 million years ago. It was then that two continental plates collided. The plate carrying India had been moving northward for millions of years. The oceanic crust in front of it was slowly subducted under the Eurasian plate. But when the two continents collided, subduction stopped because India could not sink into the mantle. Instead, it pushed crust upward and downward. The Himalayas were one result. Thus, the Himalayas are actually pieces of plates broken and lifted up because of the collision. Another result of this collision was the movement of China eastward, as the movement of India northward pushed the Eurasian plate in front of it. The collision is still occurring today. In fact, the Himalayas are growing in elevation at a rate of about 1 centimeter per year. Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Where are the Himalayas? 2. What was the area of the Himalayas like 40 million years ago? 3. How did the movement of plates create the Himalayas? 4. What else resulted from the collision of those plates? 5. What type of plate boundary exists today along the Himalayas? 6. If the Himalayas continue to grow in elevation at their present rate, how tall will Mt. Everest be in one million years? 34 ◆ F Teaching Resources Inside Earth