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Front End Electronics (FEE) solutions for
large arrays of segmented detectors
•
• FEE for large array with segmented HP-Ge detectors
- Specific case: combined AGATA - Miniball FEE
• FEE for other segmented detectors (DSSSD, SC)
• Ultra-Fast CSP (and the use of
microwave MMIC)
ANSiP-2011 - Advanced School & Workshop on Nuclear Physics Signal Processing
Acireale (CT), Italy - November 21-24, 2011
G. Pascovici, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Univ. of Cologne
a)
First arrays with segmented HPGe Detectors
(FEE for Miniball; Sega-NSCL; Tigress; Rising etc. but also
in GERDA; Gretina - det. characterization phase)
b)
AGATA - FEE
- Dual Gain CSP - for the central contact
- ToT method ( - combined dynamic range  ~100 dB,
- Cosmic ray measurement )
- Programmable Spectroscopic Pulser
- for detector characterization, e.g. impurities concentration meas.
- Transfer function - dummy detectors
c)
Combined AGATA – Miniball FEE
G. Pascovici, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Univ. of Cologne
2
tr ~ 30-40 ns Ch.1 @ 800 mV
- no over & under_shoot
IF1320 (IF1331)
(5V; 10mA)&
1pF; 1 GΩ
warm
•
•
Warm & cold jFET
DGF-4C(Rev.C)
3
1. Charge Sensitive Preamplifier
( Low Noise, Fast, Single & Dual Gain
~ 100 dB extended range with ToT )
2. Programmable Spectroscopic Pulser
(as a tool for self-calibrating)
3. Updated frequency compensations
to reduce the crosstalk between
participants (-from adverse cryostat wiring
and up to - electronic crosstalk in the trans. line)
C. Chaplin, Modern Times (1936)
crosstalk between participants
 transfer function issue
8 Clusters (Hole 11.5cm, beam line 11cm)
G. Pascovici, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Univ. of Cologne
4
AGATA
τopt~ 3-6 µs
J.-F. Loude,
IPHE 2000-22
• the equivalent noise
charges Qn assumes
a minimum when the
current and voltage
contributions are equal
• current noise ~
• voltage noise ~
~
• 1 / f noise ~
(RC)
1/(RC)
Cd 2
Cd 2
Best performance: Majorana dedicated FEE
(PTFE~0.4mm; Cu~0.2mm;C~0.6pF; R ~2GΩ Amorphous Ge
(Mini Systems) ~ 55 eV (FWHM) @ ~ 50 µs (FWHM)
BAT17
diode
(GERDA)
BF862
(2V; 10mA)
1pF; 1 GΩ
Test Pulser ?
-yes-not & how ?
G. Pascovici, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Univ. of Cologne
6
AGATA Core Preamplifier - Charge Sensitive Part
AGATA LVDS-Dual Core
Preamplifier (Final design)
with up-graded frequency
compensations:
• Large Open loop-gain
(~ 100,000)
• Fast Rise Time
tr ~ 15 ns @ 45 pF
• Large dynamic range
~ 180 MeV @ Cf~1pF
• large dynamic range in the first CSP
• large open loop gain
• frequency compensations for
optimum transfer function
• Multiple frequency
compensations:
- minimum Miller effect
- lead compensation
- lead-lag compensation
- dominant pole
compensation
G. Pascovici, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Univ. of Cologne
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Fast Reset as tool to implement the “TOT” method
Core Active Reset – OFF
one of the segments
Core -recovery from saturation
Active Reset – ON
Fast Reset
circuitry
ToT
Normal analog spectroscopy
one of the segments
-
very fast recovery from TOT mode of operation
fast comparator LT1719 (+/- 6V)
factory adj. threshold + zero crossing
LV-CMOS (opt)
LVDS by default
9
G. Pascovici, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Univ. of Cologne
Fast Reset as tool to implement the “TOT” method
Core Active Reset – OFF
one of the segments
Core -recovery from saturation
Active Reset – ON
Fast Reset
circuitry
ToT
Normal analog spectroscopy
one of the segments
INH-C
-
very fast recovery from TOT mode of operation
fast comparator LT1719 (+/- 6V)
factory adj. threshold + zero crossing
LV-CMOS (opt)
LVDS by default
10
G. Pascovici, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Univ. of Cologne
see Francesca Zocca PhD Thesis, INFN, Milan
A. Pullia at al, Extending the dynamic range of nuclear pulse spectrometers,
Rev. Sci. Instr. 79, 036105 (2008)
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Dual Gain Core Structure
Ch1 (fast reset)-Pulser @ ~19 MeV
Ch2 (linear mode)
Ch 1 ~200 mV / MeV
Pole /Zero Adj.
Fast Reset
(Ch1)
Segments (linear mode)
36_fold segmented
HP-Ge detector + cold jFET
Common
Charge
Sensitive
Loop
+
Pulser
+
Wiring
Ch1 ( tr ~ 25.5 ns)
Differential
Buffer
(Ch1)
C-Ch1
/C-Ch1
INH1
SDHN1
Ch 2 ~ 50mV / MeV
Pole /Zero Adj.
Fast Reset
(Ch2)
Programmable
Spectroscopic
Pulser
Differential
Buffer
(Ch2)
C-Ch2
/C-Ch2
INH2
SDHN2
one
MDR
10m
cable
Pulser CNTRL
Ch2 ( tr ~ 27.0 ns)
2keV -180 MeV
in two modes & four sub-ranges of
operations: a) Amplitude and b) TOT12
Due to
FADC
range 
!
 10 MeV
LNL-2010
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AGATA Dual_Core LVDS transmission of digital INH and Pulser_In signals
AGATA Dual Core crosstalk test measurements
Ch2 (analog signal) vs. LVDS-INH-C1 (bellow & above threshold)
Core amplitude just below the INH threshold
Core amplitude just above the INH threshold
Ch1 @ INH_Threshold - (~ 4mV)
Ch1 @ INH_Threshold + (~ 4mV)
Ch2 @ INH_Threshold + (~ 1mV)
Ch2 @ INH_Threshold + (- 1mV)
LV_CMOS
LV_CMOS
INH_Ch1/-/
tr ~ 1.65 ns
INH_Ch1/+/
tf ~ 2.45 ns
INH_Ch1/+/
INH_Ch1/-/
(1) Core_Ch1, (2) Core_Ch2, (3) INH_Ch1(LVDS/-/, (4) INH_Ch1(LVDS/+/)
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To extend the comparison between
“reset” mode (ToT) vs. “pulse-height”
mode (ADC) well above 100 MeV
measuring directly cosmic rays
Interaction of muons with matter
•
low energy correction:
excitation and ionization
• ‘density effect’
• High energy corrections:
bremsstrahlung, pair production
and photo-nuclear interaction
MUON STOPPING POWER AND RANGE TABLES
- 10 MeV|100 TeV
D. E. GROOM, N. V. MOKHOV, and S. STRIGANOV
David Schneiders, Cosmic radiation analysis by a segmented HPGe detector,
IKP-Cologne, Bachelor thesis, 03.11.2011
Two set-up have been used:
a) LeCroy Oscilloscope with only Core
signals: Ch1; Ch2, INH-Ch1; INH-Ch2
from Core Diff-to-Single Converter Box
b) 10x DGF-4C-(Rev.E) standard DAQ
- complete 36x segments and
4x core signals from Diff-to-Single
Converter Boxes (segments & core)
David Schneiders, Cosmic radiation analysis by a segmented HPGe detector,
IKP-Cologne, Bachelor thesis, 03.11.2011
Experimental results for cosmic ray measurement
Determination of the High Gain
Core Inhibit width directly from
the trace while the low gain core
operates still in linear mode up
to ~22 MeV ( deviation ~0.5%)
Calibrated energy sum of all
segments vs. both low & highgain core signals (linear & ToT )
Calibrated energy sum of all
segments vs. both low & highgain core signals (both in ToT
mode of operation)
David Schneiders, Cosmic radiation analysis by a segmented HPGe detector,
IKP-Cologne, Bachelor thesis, 03.11.2011
Combined spectroscopy up to ~170 MeV
Direct measurement of cosmic rays with
a HP-Ge AGATA detector, encapsulated
and 36 fold segmented
• Averaged calibrated segments sum +++
• Averaged calibrated Low gain Core
xxx
• Scaled pulser calibration (int. & ext.) ----
R.Breier et al., Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 68, 1231-1235,
2010
David Schneiders, Cosmic radiation analysis by a segmented HPGe detector,
IKP-Cologne, Bachelor thesis, 03.11.2011
AGATA
Dual Gain Core
Final Specs.
• Summary active reset:
- active reset @ 2nd stage
- active reset @ 1st stage
with advantages vs. disadv.
G. Pascovici, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Univ. of Cologne
19
Incorporated Programmable Spectroscopic Pulser
• why is needed?  self-calibration purposes
• brief description
• Specs and measurements
G. Pascovici, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Univ. of Cologne
20
The use of PSP for self-calibrating
Parameter
Potential Use / Applications
 Energy, Calibration, Stability
 Transfer Function in time
(rise time, fall time, structure)
domain, ringing  (PSA)
• Pulse C/S amplitude ratio  Crosstalk input data
• Pulse amplitude
• Pulse Form
(Detector characterization)
(Detector Bulk Capacities)
• Pulse Form
 TOT Method
 (PSA)
• Repetition Rate (c.p.s.)  Dead Time  (Efficiency)
(with periodical or statistical distribution)
• Time alignment
 Correlated time spectra
• Segments calibration  Low energy calibration
• Detector characterization  Impurity concentration, passivation
G. Pascovici, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Univ. of Cologne
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• +/- 1ppm
• 16 bit +/- 1bit
• fast R-R driver
CSP
return GND
• Analog Switches:
- t on / t off ,
+V13
+V13
+V13
6
+V13
D
GND_D
R30
-V13
GND_D
+V13
GND_D
-V13
- Qi ,
- dynamic
range (+/- 5V)
R31
8
6
D
D
D
D
3
1
R94
7
D
2
n
for
1
=
In
D
N
R107
Out
- ~ R to R
- bandwidth
• Coarse attenuation
(4x 10 dB) (zo~150 Ohm)
• transmission line
to S_ jFET and
its return GND!
Chopper
GND_D
Trigger
R81
GND_D
C59
GND_D
Mode
3
C53
3
GND_D
3
-V13
G
-V13
2
GND
GND_D
Shown
R80
6
1
=
In
D
N
G
I
2
4
for
Shown
V13
R79
4
V15
U13
n
I
V12
4
S
2
1
4
U11
V
V
8
1
R90
D
S
Vref
4
C94
3
7
2
6
D
D
V
8
C86
R75
C120
C101
• Op Amp:
G. Pascovici, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Univ. of Cologne
22
Selection Mode of operation
Exponential
Rectangular
Good DC Level
Same P/Z  good PSA
Disadvantage:
Advantage / Disadvantage
- Different P/Z for Signal & Pulser PSA!
- Bipolar Signals ( + & - )
Base line OK  good P/Z,
but DC level ~ pulser level (50%)
Pulser Specs and Measurements
•
Dynamic range:
- Core 0 to ~ 180 MeV
- Segments 0 to ~3 MeV
(opt. ~ 90 MeV)
(opt. ~ 1 MeV)
•
Rise Time Range: 20 ns - 60 ns
(by default ~45 ns)
•
Fall Time Range: 100 µs - 1000 µs
(by default ~150 ns)
•
Long Term Stability: < 10-4 / 24 h
G. Pascovici, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Univ. of Cologne
23
Measurements:
• GSI Single Cryostat (Detector S001)
• Portable 16k channels MCA (IKP)
• Resolution (acquisition time 12-14h):
- core 1.08 Pulser (Detector)
- cold dummy (V3): 0.850 keV
- segment Pulser: < 0.90 keV
- core @ 59.5 keV:
1.10 keV
- core @ 122.06 keV: 1.15 keV
Why not
an ASIC ?
24
G. Pascovici, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Univ. of Cologne
25
Impurities concentration of last four rings of AGATA detector S002
B. Birkenbach at al, Determination of space charge distributions in highly segmented
large volume HP-Ge detectors from capacitance-voltage measurements
Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 640 (2011) 176-184
Transfer Function & X-talk
• Stand alone transfer function (bench tests)
• Wiring influence - detector wiring & cryostat wiring
- Dummy Detectors (2DV2; 3DV3)
• Solution for frequency compensation to find
- stability criteria for - oscillations,
- peaking & ringing
- methods of compensation depending on:
- op amp type (or equivalent op amp when distributed)
- feedback, source and load networks
• Updated version of compensation and measurements
G. Pascovici, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Univ. of Cologne
27
AGATA
HP-Ge Detector
Front-End Electronics
Cold part Warm part
Cold part Warm part
G. Pascovici, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Univ. of Cologne
28
AGATA
HP-Ge Detector
Front-End Electronics
Cold part Warm part
AGATA – 3D Dummy detector
Cold part Warm part
G. Pascovici, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Univ. of Cologne
29
G. Pascovici, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Univ. of Cologne
30
• the conversion range has been successfully
extended by more than one order of magnitude
with the new spectroscopic ToT technique:
- two modes of operation and
four sub-ranges, namely:
0  5 (20) MeV and 5(20)180 MeV
• the use of the LV-DS signals (INH-C1, INH-C2
and Pulser Trigger) in the AGATA Dual Gain
Core reduced considerable the crosstalk in the
transmission line
20 x
• 20 x sets for AGATA Reconfigurable Core
manufactured, tested, ready to be used
(* each set consists of warm preamplifier,
MDR-flat cable subassembly and FADC
converter boards)
31
Inh-C1&C2
Pulser Trigger
Combining AGATA  Miniball (HeKo) FEE
Combined AGATA  Miniball FEE
• all AGATA feature implemented
without Spectroscopic Pulser
• Fast Reset (INH-C & SDHN logic)
almost no nonlinearity (only +/-12V)
• Miniball HeKo (PSC823) size and
pin out specification but with
• differential outputs and ToT method
Miniball (HeKo)
PSC 823
(Eurysis /Ortec propr. prod.)
PSC-2008
(differential out.)
AGATA like Miniball
2011
Either
BF862 or
IF1320
INH
SHDN
Technical Specifications
- conversion factor ~ 200 mV/MeV (PSC-2008 opt. 100 mV/MeV)
- open loop gain ~ 20,000
- ~ 100,000
- single ended - reconfigurable as Inv. / Non Inv.); - the 2008 & 2011 with differential outputs
- adjustments: - Idrain ; - P/Z adj. ; - Offset adj. ; Bandwidth
- No Offset adj
- power supply: +/- 12V
- with INH-C & SDHN
- rise time ~ 25 ns / 39 pF det. cap. (terminated)
(i.e. Time over Threshold)
(B)
Front End Electronics for
LYCCA's & TASCA’s DSSSD
& Solar Cell Matrix
LYCCA
a core device for RISING HISPEC/DESPEC
Objective is to uniquely identify event-by-event exotic nuclei by:
• mass A
• charge Z
Flexible array of detector modules to measure:
•
E, ∆E , Position, ToF
G. Pascovici, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Univ. of Cologne
34
A. Wendt et al – Der LYCCA-Demonstrator, HK 36.60, DPG, Bonn, 2010
G. Pascovici, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Univ. of Cologne
LYCCA-0
Set-up for DSSSD + CsI
TASISpec (TASCA)
A new detector Set-up for
Superheavy Element Spectroscopy
36
37
~1.25 sq.cm
38
Sub - nanosecond CSP version
•
•
AD 8351 tr ~ 200 ps @ gain 10dB
(Vc ~ 3-5 V; 28 mA)
alternative AD 8352
Ultrafast Voltage comparator family:
ADCMP580 / ADCMP581 /
ADCMP582
Silicon Germanium (SiGe) bipolar process
• GaAs – HEMT *) (Q1, Q2)
• ultra-fast, narrow
time output
- fast rise time tr ~ 200ps !)
• energy output tf ~10 µs
(no P/Z cancellation)
• high counting rates
timing > ~1 Mcps
• dominant pole
compensation included
• low power +/- 6V E; +/- 3V T)
• 8 GHz equivalent input rise time
bandwidth
• < 40 ps typical output rise/fall
• 10 ps deterministic jitter (DJ)
• 200 fs random jitter (RJ)
• −2 V to +3 V input range with
+5 V/−5 V supplies
• on-chip terminations at both inputs
• Resistor-programmable hysteresis
• Differential latch control
• Power supply rejection > 70 dB
*) not implemented for LYCCA
G. Pascovici, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Univ. of Cologne
39
jFET, FET, HEMT selection
a)
tr ~ 500 ps
jFET, FET
BF861 (1,B,C); BF862; BF 889
b) GaAs-FETs (E-pHEMT)
ATF-35143; ATF-55143; ATF-38143
c) Idrain, Vdrain  to optimize the
noise & bandwidth characteristics
(10-15 mA, 2-2.7 V, 20-30mW)
Pulse generator:
- Tektronix PG502 modified
tr ~ 500 ps
(less than 700ps rise/fall time)
- refurbish PG503
Scope:
LeCroy 44Xs
(400 Mhz, 2.5 GHz sampling)
G. Pascovici, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Univ. of Cologne
(B)
Front End Electronics for
TOF and BPM
TOF & BPM for HISPEC/DISPEC and for AMS (CologneAMS)
Flexible set of beam detector modules to measure:
•
Position, ToF , (E, ∆E)
G. Pascovici, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Univ. of Cologne
41
The use of Mini Circuits microwave monolithic integrated circuit (MMIC)
•
de facto, Darlington amplifiers
offers the RF designer multi-stage
performance in packages that
look like a discrete transistor
•
wide bandwidth, impedance match,
and a choice of gain and output power
levels result from their being monolithic
circuits, most of which contain InGaP HBT (indium-gallium-phosphide
heterojunction bipolar transistors)
42
The use of Mini Circuits microwave monolithic integrated circuit (MMIC)
Mini-Circuits
•
•
•
•
•
PSA-5454+ ; (PSA-5451)
(an E-PHEMT based Ultra Low Noise MMIC Amplifier)
E-PHEMT based Ultra-Low Noise MMIC Amplifier
bandwidth 50 MHz to 4 GHz
ultra low noise (0.8 dB) and high IP3: 25 dB; (or ~29 dB)
I/O internally matched to 50 ohms
single 5V @ 20mA; (or 3V @30mA)
•
Mini-Circuits PHA-1(X)+
Ultra High Dynamic Range
MMIC Amplifier
• bandwidth 50 MHz to 6(8) GHz
• output power ~ 23 dBm
• provides Input and Output
Return Loss of14-21 dB up to
4 GHz without the need for any
external matching components
43
Conclusions
•
FEE for large array with segmented HP-Ge detectors
- standard pulse height analysis, ToT & Progr. Spectr. Pulser
- (Loved specific case: combined AGATA - Miniball FEE )
DSSSD – specific case LYCCY and TASISpec (TASCA) @GSI
• FEE for
• Sub-nanosecond preamplifiers
- CSP (E+T) and MMIC (GHz)
44