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NPTEL – Biotechnology – Cell Biology Interesting facts: • Many cells in the body use exocytosis to release enzymes or other proteins that act in other areas of the body like secretion of the hormones glucagon and insulin, or to release molecules that help cells communicate with one another more directly through the products that they secrete like neurotransmitters. • The immune system also uses exocytosis to communicate information between cells. • Both endocytosis and exocytosis involve active transport, that is, energy must be expended to move particles against the concentration gradient. • Both endocytosis and exocytosis involve the formation of vesicles: endocytosis forms them in order to take particles into the cell via the cell membrane and involves a reduction in cell membrane area, as part of the membrane is pinched off to form a vesicle; exocytosis forms them in order to expel things from the cell via the cell membrane and results in an increase in cell membrane, as the vesicle wall joins that of the cell membrane and is incorporated into it. Thus, the two processes also serve to balance each other. • The vesicle fusion is driven by SNARE proteins process of merging the vesicle membrane with the target one resulting in release of large biomolecules in the extracellular space. • Ca2+ might control the exocytotic/endocytotic balance in plants. • Synaptotagmin I (syt1) is required for normal rates of synaptic vesicle endo- and exocytosis. Joint initiative of IITs and IISc – Funded by MHRD Page 89 of 120 NPTEL – Biotechnology – Cell Biology 14. How the phagocytosis takes place in the immune system of cells? 15. Describe the uptake of cholesterol by the mammalian cells using receptormediated endocytosis. 16. What is protein trafficking? Explain with an example. 17. What is transcytosis? Explain with an example. 18. What are the two types of exocytosis? Explain with a schematic diagram. References: 1. B. Lewin (2007); Cells; 2nd edition, Jones and Bartlett pubisher 2. B. Alberts , A. Johnson,J. Lewis (2002); Molecular Biology of the Cell; 4th edition, New York: Garland Science 3. G.E.Kaiser (2011); The innate immune system: Phagocytosis; http://faculty.ccbcmd. edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit4/innate/phagoprocess.html 4. N.S. Parkar, B.S. Akpa, L.C. Nitsche, L.E. Wedgewood, A.T. Place, M. S. Sverdlov, O. Chaga, and R.D. Minshall (2009); Vesicle Formation and Endocytosis: Function, Machinery, Mechanisms, and Modeling; Antioxidants & Redox Signaling; 11(6):1301-1312 5. G.M. Cooper (2000); The Cell: A Molecular Approach; 2nd edition, Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates 6. M. Verhage, J.B. Sørensen (2008); Vesicle docking in regulated exocytosis; Traffic, 9(9):1414-1424 Joint initiative of IITs and IISc – Funded by MHRD Page 93 of 120